Chapter 24, Problem 98A

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Hydrogen bonding between 2 water molecules should be depicted.

Concept introduction:

All types of molecules have some kind of attractive force that keeps them together. Polar molecules that have elements that are high in electro negativity like nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine directly attached to hydrogen atom, exhibit hydrogen bonding. They are held together by hydrogen bonding between molecules.

Hydrogen bonding is a special kind of dipole-dipole bond.

Answer to Problem 98A

Hydrogen bonding between 2 water molecules is shown below.

Explanation of Solution

In case of ${\text{H}}_2\text{O}$, oxygen is highly electronegative and is directly attached to hydrogen atom so it can easily form hydrogen bonds.

Since oxygen is electronegative centre, it can easily attract hydrogen molecule of other water molecule and hence a partial positive charge develops on it and a partial negative charge develops on hydrogen. This results in intermolecular hydrogen bonding.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Hydrogen bonding between 2 ammonia molecules should be depicted.

Concept introduction:

All types of molecules have some kind of attractive force that keeps them together. Polar molecules that have elements that are high in electro negativity like nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine directly attached to hydrogen atom, exhibit hydrogen bonding. They are held together by hydrogen bonding between molecules.

Hydrogen bonding is a special kind of dipole-dipole bond.

Answer to Problem 98A

Hydrogen bonding between 2 ammonia molecules is shown below.

Explanation of Solution

In case of ${\text{NH}}_3$, nitrogen is more electronegative and is directly attached to hydrogen atom so it can easily form hydrogen bonds.

Since nitrogen is electronegative centre, it can easily attract hydrogen molecule of other ammonia molecule and hence a partial positive charge develops on it and a partial negative charge develops on hydrogen. This results in intermolecular hydrogen bonding.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Hydrogen bonding between water and ammonia molecules should be depicted.

Concept introduction:

All types of molecules have some kind of attractive force that keeps them together. Polar molecules that have elements that are high in electro negativity like nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine directly attached to hydrogen atom, exhibit hydrogen bonding. They are held together by hydrogen bonding between molecules.

Hydrogen bonding is a special kind of dipole-dipole bond.

Answer to Problem 98A

Hydrogen bonding between water and ammonia molecules is shown below.

Explanation of Solution

In case of ${\text{H}}_2\text{O}$, oxygen is highly electronegative and is directly attached to hydrogen atom so it can easily form hydrogen bonds.

Similarly in case of ${\text{NH}}_3$, nitrogen is more electronegative and is directly attached to hydrogen atom so it can easily form hydrogen bonds.

Since oxygen is electronegative centre, it can easily attract hydrogen molecule of other ammonia molecule and nitrogen can attract hydrogen molecules of water molecules and hence a partial positive charge develops on oxygen and nitrogen atom. A partial negative charge develops on hydrogen. This results in intermolecular hydrogen bonding.