(a) Interpretation: Raffinose is to be classified as a reducing or nonreducing sugar. The explanation for the answer is to be stated. Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. Carbohydrates have the general molecular formula, ( CH 2 O ) n . The six-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as pyranose. The five-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as furanose. The pyranoses can be classified as α or β based upon the configuration at the anomeric carbon. The anomeric carbon is the one which was a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

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Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 24, Problem 24.41AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Raffinose is to be classified as a reducing or nonreducing sugar. The explanation for the answer is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. Carbohydrates have the general molecular formula, (CH2O)n.

The six-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as pyranose. The five-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as furanose.

The pyranoses can be classified as α or β based upon the configuration at the anomeric carbon. The anomeric carbon is the one which was a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The identification of glycoside linkages in raffinose is to be predicted. The classification of their α and β form is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. They can be present in the form of open chains or rings. They are usually an aldehyde or ketone with additional hydroxyl groups. They have the general molecular formula, (CH2O)n.

The six-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as pyranose. The five-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as furanose.

The pyranoses can be classified as α or β based upon the configuration at the anomeric carbon. The anomeric carbon is the one which was a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The monosaccharides formed when raffinose is hydrolyzed in aqueous acid is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. They can be present in the form of open chains or rings. They are usually an aldehyde or ketone with additional hydroxyl groups. They have the general molecular formula, (CH2O)n.

The anomeric carbon is the one which is a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The product formed when raffinose is treated with dimethyl sulfate in NaOH in the presence of aqueous acid and heat is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The linkage between the two carbohydrate group is known as the glycosidic linkage. These are of two types. One is α- glycosidic linkage and other is β-glycosidic linkage. The α- glycosidic linkage is formed when the anomeric hydroxyl group indulges at axial position. The α- glycosidic linkage is formed when the anomeric hydroxyl group indulges at the equatorial position.

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B. Classify the following amino acid. Atoms other than carbon and hydrogen are labeled. a. acidic b. basic C. neutral C. Consider the following image. Which level of protein structure is shown here? a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. quaternary D. Consider the following image. H RH H HR H R HR HR RH Which level of protein structure is shown in the box? a. primary b. secondary R c. tertiary d. quaternary コー R

Briefly answer three from the followings: a. What are the four structures of the protein? b. Why is the side chain (R) attached to the alpha carbon in the amino acids is important for the function? c. What are the types of amino acids? And how is it depend on the (R) structure? d. Write a reaction to prepare an amino acid. prod

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 24, Problem 24.41AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Raffinose is to be classified as a reducing or nonreducing sugar. The explanation for the answer is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. Carbohydrates have the general molecular formula, (CH2O)n.

The six-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as pyranose. The five-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as furanose.

The pyranoses can be classified as α or β based upon the configuration at the anomeric carbon. The anomeric carbon is the one which was a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The identification of glycoside linkages in raffinose is to be predicted. The classification of their α and β form is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. They can be present in the form of open chains or rings. They are usually an aldehyde or ketone with additional hydroxyl groups. They have the general molecular formula, (CH2O)n.

The six-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as pyranose. The five-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as furanose.

The pyranoses can be classified as α or β based upon the configuration at the anomeric carbon. The anomeric carbon is the one which was a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The monosaccharides formed when raffinose is hydrolyzed in aqueous acid is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. They can be present in the form of open chains or rings. They are usually an aldehyde or ketone with additional hydroxyl groups. They have the general molecular formula, (CH2O)n.

The anomeric carbon is the one which is a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The product formed when raffinose is treated with dimethyl sulfate in NaOH in the presence of aqueous acid and heat is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The linkage between the two carbohydrate group is known as the glycosidic linkage. These are of two types. One is α- glycosidic linkage and other is β-glycosidic linkage. The α- glycosidic linkage is formed when the anomeric hydroxyl group indulges at axial position. The α- glycosidic linkage is formed when the anomeric hydroxyl group indulges at the equatorial position.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 24, Problem 24.41AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Raffinose is to be classified as a reducing or nonreducing sugar. The explanation for the answer is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. Carbohydrates have the general molecular formula, (CH2O)n.

The six-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as pyranose. The five-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as furanose.

The pyranoses can be classified as α or β based upon the configuration at the anomeric carbon. The anomeric carbon is the one which was a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The identification of glycoside linkages in raffinose is to be predicted. The classification of their α and β form is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. They can be present in the form of open chains or rings. They are usually an aldehyde or ketone with additional hydroxyl groups. They have the general molecular formula, (CH2O)n.

The six-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as pyranose. The five-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as furanose.

The pyranoses can be classified as α or β based upon the configuration at the anomeric carbon. The anomeric carbon is the one which was a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The monosaccharides formed when raffinose is hydrolyzed in aqueous acid is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. They can be present in the form of open chains or rings. They are usually an aldehyde or ketone with additional hydroxyl groups. They have the general molecular formula, (CH2O)n.

The anomeric carbon is the one which is a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The product formed when raffinose is treated with dimethyl sulfate in NaOH in the presence of aqueous acid and heat is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The linkage between the two carbohydrate group is known as the glycosidic linkage. These are of two types. One is α- glycosidic linkage and other is β-glycosidic linkage. The α- glycosidic linkage is formed when the anomeric hydroxyl group indulges at axial position. The α- glycosidic linkage is formed when the anomeric hydroxyl group indulges at the equatorial position.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 24, Problem 24.41AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Raffinose is to be classified as a reducing or nonreducing sugar. The explanation for the answer is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. Carbohydrates have the general molecular formula, (CH2O)n.

The six-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as pyranose. The five-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as furanose.

The pyranoses can be classified as α or β based upon the configuration at the anomeric carbon. The anomeric carbon is the one which was a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The identification of glycoside linkages in raffinose is to be predicted. The classification of their α and β form is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. They can be present in the form of open chains or rings. They are usually an aldehyde or ketone with additional hydroxyl groups. They have the general molecular formula, (CH2O)n.

The six-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as pyranose. The five-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as furanose.

The pyranoses can be classified as α or β based upon the configuration at the anomeric carbon. The anomeric carbon is the one which was a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The monosaccharides formed when raffinose is hydrolyzed in aqueous acid is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. They can be present in the form of open chains or rings. They are usually an aldehyde or ketone with additional hydroxyl groups. They have the general molecular formula, (CH2O)n.

The anomeric carbon is the one which is a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The product formed when raffinose is treated with dimethyl sulfate in NaOH in the presence of aqueous acid and heat is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The linkage between the two carbohydrate group is known as the glycosidic linkage. These are of two types. One is α- glycosidic linkage and other is β-glycosidic linkage. The α- glycosidic linkage is formed when the anomeric hydroxyl group indulges at axial position. The α- glycosidic linkage is formed when the anomeric hydroxyl group indulges at the equatorial position.

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Answer 5

Chapter 24, Problem 24.41AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Raffinose is to be classified as a reducing or nonreducing sugar. The explanation for the answer is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. Carbohydrates have the general molecular formula, (CH2O)n.

The six-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as pyranose. The five-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as furanose.

The pyranoses can be classified as α or β based upon the configuration at the anomeric carbon. The anomeric carbon is the one which was a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The identification of glycoside linkages in raffinose is to be predicted. The classification of their α and β form is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. They can be present in the form of open chains or rings. They are usually an aldehyde or ketone with additional hydroxyl groups. They have the general molecular formula, (CH2O)n.

The six-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as pyranose. The five-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as furanose.

The pyranoses can be classified as α or β based upon the configuration at the anomeric carbon. The anomeric carbon is the one which was a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The monosaccharides formed when raffinose is hydrolyzed in aqueous acid is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. They can be present in the form of open chains or rings. They are usually an aldehyde or ketone with additional hydroxyl groups. They have the general molecular formula, (CH2O)n.

The anomeric carbon is the one which is a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The product formed when raffinose is treated with dimethyl sulfate in NaOH in the presence of aqueous acid and heat is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The linkage between the two carbohydrate group is known as the glycosidic linkage. These are of two types. One is α- glycosidic linkage and other is β-glycosidic linkage. The α- glycosidic linkage is formed when the anomeric hydroxyl group indulges at axial position. The α- glycosidic linkage is formed when the anomeric hydroxyl group indulges at the equatorial position.

Answer 6

Chapter 24, Problem 24.41AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Raffinose is to be classified as a reducing or nonreducing sugar. The explanation for the answer is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. Carbohydrates have the general molecular formula, (CH2O)n.

The six-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as pyranose. The five-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as furanose.

The pyranoses can be classified as α or β based upon the configuration at the anomeric carbon. The anomeric carbon is the one which was a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

Answer 7

Chapter 24, Problem 24.41AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Raffinose is to be classified as a reducing or nonreducing sugar. The explanation for the answer is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. Carbohydrates have the general molecular formula, (CH2O)n.

The six-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as pyranose. The five-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as furanose.

The pyranoses can be classified as α or β based upon the configuration at the anomeric carbon. The anomeric carbon is the one which was a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The identification of glycoside linkages in raffinose is to be predicted. The classification of their α and β form is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. They can be present in the form of open chains or rings. They are usually an aldehyde or ketone with additional hydroxyl groups. They have the general molecular formula, (CH2O)n.

The six-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as pyranose. The five-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as furanose.

The pyranoses can be classified as α or β based upon the configuration at the anomeric carbon. The anomeric carbon is the one which was a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The identification of glycoside linkages in raffinose is to be predicted. The classification of their α and β form is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. They can be present in the form of open chains or rings. They are usually an aldehyde or ketone with additional hydroxyl groups. They have the general molecular formula, (CH2O)n.

The six-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as pyranose. The five-membered ring form of carbohydrates is termed as furanose.

The pyranoses can be classified as α or β based upon the configuration at the anomeric carbon. The anomeric carbon is the one which was a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The monosaccharides formed when raffinose is hydrolyzed in aqueous acid is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. They can be present in the form of open chains or rings. They are usually an aldehyde or ketone with additional hydroxyl groups. They have the general molecular formula, (CH2O)n.

The anomeric carbon is the one which is a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The monosaccharides formed when raffinose is hydrolyzed in aqueous acid is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds. They can be present in the form of open chains or rings. They are usually an aldehyde or ketone with additional hydroxyl groups. They have the general molecular formula, (CH2O)n.

The anomeric carbon is the one which is a part of the carbonyl group in the straight-chain structure of the carbohydrate.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The product formed when raffinose is treated with dimethyl sulfate in NaOH in the presence of aqueous acid and heat is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The linkage between the two carbohydrate group is known as the glycosidic linkage. These are of two types. One is α- glycosidic linkage and other is β-glycosidic linkage. The α- glycosidic linkage is formed when the anomeric hydroxyl group indulges at axial position. The α- glycosidic linkage is formed when the anomeric hydroxyl group indulges at the equatorial position.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The product formed when raffinose is treated with dimethyl sulfate in NaOH in the presence of aqueous acid and heat is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The linkage between the two carbohydrate group is known as the glycosidic linkage. These are of two types. One is α- glycosidic linkage and other is β-glycosidic linkage. The α- glycosidic linkage is formed when the anomeric hydroxyl group indulges at axial position. The α- glycosidic linkage is formed when the anomeric hydroxyl group indulges at the equatorial position.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 24 - Prob. 24.1P Ch. 24 - Prob. 24.2P Ch. 24 - Prob. 24.3P Ch. 24 - Prob. 24.4P Ch. 24 - Prob. 24.5P Ch. 24 - Prob. 24.6P Ch. 24 - Prob. 24.7P Ch. 24 - Prob. 24.8P Ch. 24 - Prob. 24.9P Ch. 24 - Prob. 24.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains that raffinose is a non-reducing sugar because the anomeric hydroxyl groups are participating in the glycosidic linkages.

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