Chapter 23, Problem 57PS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The geometry of $\text{C}-\text{3}$ has to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the mixing of valence atomic orbitals to get equivalent hybridized orbitals that having similar characteristics and energy.

Geometry of a molecule can be predicted by knowing its hybridization.

${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization of single s-orbital and three p-orbital. It has tetrahedral geometry

${\text{sp}}^2$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization between one s-orbital and two p-orbitals. It has trigonal-planar geometry

$\text{sp }$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization of single s-orbital and single p-orbital. It has linear geometry

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The bond angle $\text{O}-\text{C}-\text{O}$ has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the mixing of valence atomic orbitals to get equivalent hybridized orbitals that having similar characteristics and energy.

Geometry of a molecule can be predicted by knowing its hybridization.

${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization of single s-orbital and three p-orbital. It has tetrahedral geometry

${\text{sp}}^2$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization between one s-orbital and two p-orbitals. It has trigonal-planar geometry

$\text{sp }$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization of single s-orbital and single p-orbital. It has linear geometry

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The chirality of this molecule has to be checked and also the chiral carbon atom has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

A chiral carbon is the carbon atom which is substituted to four different groups. Due to presence of chiral carbon a molecule become chiral and it gives optical isomers also that is $R\text{ and }S$ isomers. For example,

  

All the substituents are different hence is is a chiral carbon and so molecule.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The most acidic hydrogen atom in the given compound has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Any chemical substance can be classified as an acid or base by using Lewis acid base theory. Further, the acidic and basic nature of the substance can be analyzed through the ability of molecules to accept and donate electrons.

According to Lewis acid -base theory,

An acid is a substance that accepts a pair of electrons.

A base is a substance that donates a pair of electrons