Concept explainers
Typically. most of the
To explain: Why most of the nucleotide variability within a genetic locus does not affect the phenotype.
Introduction: Variation at a genetic locus can be defined as any change in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA caused due to mutations occurred in that locus of the gene. However, most of the nucleotide variability does not affect the phenotype because mutations that occur in the non-coding region do not alter/change the amino acid sequence, which codes for the proteins
Explanation of Solution
Higher organisms have a large gene pool that contains non-coded DNA known as introns. As most of the nucleotide variability due to mutations occurs in the intron region, it does not cause a change in amino acid and do not code for a protein, which leads to the neutral effect in the population. Only the nucleotide variations in the coding region have a significant impact if the change in DNA sequence leads to a change in the amino acid sequence to alter the proteins structure and function. Although most variable regions within exons reflect changes in the DNA sequence and most of them do not change the sequence of amino acids encoded by a gene, they do not affect the phenotype.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 23 Solutions
Campbell Biology (11th Edition)
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Microbiology with Diseases by Body System (4th Edition)
Genetics: Analysis and Principles
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
Human Anatomy (8th Edition)
Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology (11th Edition)
- e. four-base, not overlapping4. An example of a portion of the T4 rIIB gene in whichCrick and Brenner had recombined one + and one −mutation is shown here. (The RNA-like strand of theDNA is shown.)wild type 5′ AAA AGT CCA TCA CTT AAT GCC 3′mutant 5′ AAA GTC CAT CAC TTA ATG GCC 3′a. Where are the + and − mutations in the mutant DNA?b. The double mutant produces wild-type plaques.What alterations in amino acids occurred in thisdouble mutant?c. How can you explain the fact that amino acids aredifferent in the double mutant than in the wild-typesequence, yet the phage has a wild-type phenotype?arrow_forwardplease help me with thi question. What advantages do CRISPR‑Cas systems have over restriction enzymes and engineered nucleases for editing DNA? The options are attached. Multiple answers can be chosenarrow_forwardplease help me with this question. As this is a non-directional cloning, recombinant plasmids can contain an insert ligated into the vector in two different orientations. Provide two diagrams to illustrate the two potential recombinant plasmids, with the inserts ligated in opposite orientations. Include all RE sites and distances between sites on the diagram.arrow_forward
- Sickle cell hemoglobin DNA CACGTAGACTGAGG ACAC.. Sickle cell hemoglobin MRNA Sickle cell hemoglobin AA sequence 4. What type of mutation is this? Please explain why.arrow_forwardWhen comparing (i.e., aligning) two or more genetic sequences, itis sometimes necessary to put in gaps. Explain why. Discuss twochanges (i.e., two types of mutations) that could happen during theevolution of homologous genes that would explain the occurrenceof gaps in a multiple-sequence alignment.arrow_forwardThis is a missense mutation explain. Include the ideas of translation and transcription. Compare the normal and abnormal strands.arrow_forward
- In the following gel showing stained bands of the Alu insertion sequence, what is the genotype of individual 2? 941 bp 641 bp->>> 1 2 3 4 5 6 Homozygous for the 641 bp sequence that does not contain in the Alu insertion Heterozygous, containing one 941 bp sequence and one 641 bp sequence O Homozygous for the 941 bp sequence containing the Alu insertionarrow_forwardDNA Wild-type Gene ... GCC GAA V Ala Protein... Ala-CH3 AGC V ↓ Glu Ser Glu Functional enzyme What is the subject of the figure: HO-Ser Catalytic site What is the main message of the figure? Mutant Gene GCC AAA AGC... ✓ ✓ V Ala Lys Ser Ala-CH₂ Single nucleotide change Give a concise, complete and specific explanation of the figure ( happening at DNA, protein and enzyme layers shown. Lys NH₂ HO-Ser Defective enzyme ts)- Explain what isarrow_forwardPLEASE ANSWER ALL OF THEM. THEY ARE ALL CONNECTED MUTATION: Fill in the correct nucleotide base pairing and amino acid sequence of the mutated DNA. 1.. What is the 3’-5’ DNA sequence? (FORMAT: XXX-XXX-XXX-XXX-XXX) 2. What is the mRNA sequence? (FORMAT: XXX-XXX-XXX-XXX-XXX) 3. What is the tRNA sequence? (FORMAT: XXX-XXX-XXX-XXX-XXX) 4. What is the amino acid sequence? (FORMAT: XXX-XXX-XXX-XXX-XXX) 5. What is the most convincing type of mutation had occurred? (Frameshift resulting Missense; Frameshift resulting Nonsense; Substitution – Silent; Substitution – Missense; Substitution – Nonsense)arrow_forward
- When considering the mutational options for a nucleotide such as thymine, there is a single transition and two transversion type mutations that are possible, which is why we observe transversions to occur more frequently in nature when genomes are examined. O True O Falsearrow_forwardHow many binary sequences of length n contain at most five 1 digits? The genetic code specifies an amino acid through a sequence of three nucleotides. Each nucleotide can be of one of the four types T, A, C and G, beingrepetitions allowed. How many amino acids can be encoded in this way?And if there are n types. Comparearrow_forward6a. Given the following mutated sequence (with respect to the normal sequence), what TYPE of mutation occurred: AAGCTTAC 6b. Where did the mutation take place?arrow_forward