Concept explainers
To write: A short essay to explain the molecular and cellular events leading to the heterozygotes individuals in sickle cell trait leading to the individual and population levels of biological organisation. .
Introduction:
Sickle cell disease is the most commonly occurring recessive inherited disorder found in African – Americans with an incidence of 1/400 and a carrier frequency of 1/10. It is caused due to the sickle cell allele that results in the structural and functional abnormality in normal haemoglobin. A point mutation that causes the substitution of glutamic acid by valine at 6th position of β-globin chain of haemoglobin is the main cause. The homozygous recessive individuals suffer severely from the disease; however the heterozygous carriers have the benefit of killing the malarial
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Campbell Biology (11th Edition)
- Below is the DNA base sequence for the normal protein for normal hemoglobin and the base sequence for (abnormal) sickle cell hemoglobin: Normal GGG CTT CTT TTT Sickle GGG CAT CTT TTT A)Transcribe and translate the normal and sickle cell DNA. B)Identify this as a point or frameshift mutation. Explain.arrow_forwardMatch the numbered concepts to the lettered facts. Explain why each pair is the best match. (1) Gene Duplication (2) Molecular Clock (3) Pseudogene (4) SINES and LINES a. Different kinds of globin chains arose over time including myoglobin, alpha globin, beta globin 1, delta globin, and beta globin 2.b. The two human beta globin genes, 1 and 2, differ at 20 base pair sites; only beta gene 1 produces a functional protein.c. In human hemoglobin, the delta polypeptide chain differs by 39 amino acid sites vs. the beta chain.d. The human alpha globin gene and the mouse alpha globin gene are orthologous to each other.arrow_forwardUsing sickle-cell anemia as an example, describe what is meant by a molecular or genetic disease. What are the similarities and dissimilarities between this type of a disorder and a disease caused by an invading microorganism?arrow_forward
- What will be the effect of the following changes to the protein structure of hemoglobin and its function? A. Replacement of the proximal histidine residue at the 8thposition of the F helix by asparagine. B. A phenylalanine to proline mutation resulting in decreased cooperativity of the polypeptide chains. C. Replacement of a nonpolar amino acid in the interior of the protein to a hydrophilic amino acid.arrow_forwardConsider the genes that specify the structure of hemoglobin. Arrange the following events in the most likely sequence in which they would take place.a. Anemia is observed.b. The shape of the oxygen-binding site is altered.c. An incorrect codon is transcribed into hemoglobinmRNA.d. The ovum (female gamete) receives a high radiationdose.e. An incorrect codon is generated in the DNA of ahemoglobin gene.f. A mother (an X-ray technician) accidentally stepsin front of an operating X-ray generator.g. A child dies.h. The oxygen-transport capacity of the body is severelyimpaired.i. The tRNA anticodon that lines up is one of a typethat brings an unsuitable amino acid.j. Nucleotide-pair substitution occurs in the DNA of agene for hemoglobinarrow_forwardRyan has sprained his ankle for the fifth time in the last few years. He believes he is now more prone to spraining it than he used to be. It also takes several weeks for it to feel better, unlike Grace, who twisted her ankle last weekend, but it feels better already. Explain what may be going on here on a molecular level, using the following questions as guidelines: Why does it often take longer for a sprain to heal than it does simple breaks? Propose a molecular reason that might explain why Ryan sprains his ankle more often now than he used to. 3. What sort of treatment do you think Grace may have used to speed up her healing? On a molecular level, how would this help?arrow_forward
- Mention Mendelian laws and how they fit in with sickle cell anaemia Are there any advantages to having sickle cell anaemia?arrow_forwardMutations in the ribosomal protein gene RPS19 have been found to be associated with Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), a rare syndrome that disrupts erythropoiesis, the process by which new red blood cells are produced. Which of the following provides the most likely explanation for the connection between a mutation in RPS19 and a disruption in erythropoiesis? A B с D The ribosomes in the cell are unable to package and transfer the components that are required for erythropoiesis. The ribosomes in the cell are unable to facilitate the movement of nutrients that are re- quired for erythropoiesis across the cell membrane. The ribosomes in the cell are unable to correctly synthesize the proteins that are re- sponsible for erythropoiesis. The ribosomes in the cell are unable to effectively produce the ATP that is required for erythropoiesis.arrow_forward2 I 3 4 5 6 I 7 Sickle cell hemoglobin DNA CACGTAGACTGAGGACAC.. sheet: Deletio... obin DNA C A... globin DNA C... Sickle cell hemoglobin mRNA: Sickle cell hemoglobin Amino Acid sequence: 4. What type of mutation is this? Please explain why.arrow_forward
- A mutation in the promoter region of the gene for the beta-globin can cause betathalassemia, a hereditary condition which causes anemia. Why would mutations in the promoter region lead to low levels of hemoglobin?arrow_forwardWhich statements are true? Explain why or why not.1 Each member of the human hemoglobin genefamily, which consists of seven genes arranged in two clus-ters on different chromosomes, is an ortholog to all of theother members.2 Horizontal gene transfer is more prevalent in sin-gle-celled organisms than in multicellular organisms.3 Most of the DNA sequences in a bacterial genomecode for proteins, whereas most of the DNA sequences inthe human genome do not.arrow_forwardAre there any globin pseudogenes in mammals? Explain.arrow_forward
- Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage Learning