(a)
Interpretation: A stepwise sequence that converts given
Concept introduction: The replacement or substitution of one
(b)
Interpretation: A stepwise sequence that converts given alkyl halide to carboxylic acid is to be stated by the use to suitable method.
Concept introduction: The replacement or substitution of one functional group with another different functional group in any chemical reaction is termed as substitution reaction. The electron rich chemical species that contains negative charge or lone pair of electrons are known as nucleophile. In nucleophilc acyl substitution reaction, nucleophile takes the position of leaving group.
(c)
Interpretation: A stepwise sequence that converts given alkyl halide to carboxylic acid is to be stated by the use to suitable method.
Concept introduction: The replacement or substitution of one functional group with another different functional group in any chemical reaction is termed as substitution reaction. The electron rich chemical species that contains negative charge or lone pair of electrons are known as nucleophile. In nucleophilc acyl substitution reaction, nucleophile takes the position of leaving group.
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- Complete each acid-base reaction and predict whether the position of equilibrium lies toward the left or toward the right. (a) CH3CCH+CH3CH2ONa+CH3CH3OH (b) CH3CCCH2CH2OH+Na+NH2NH3(l)arrow_forwardSuppose you have a mixture of these three compounds. Devise a chemical procedure based on their relative acidity or basicity to separate and isolate each in pure form.arrow_forwardShow how acid derivatives hydrolyze to carboxylic acids under either acidic or basicconditions. Explain why some acid derivatives (amides, for example) require muchstronger conditions for hydrolysis than other derivatives.arrow_forward
- What is a major difference between acid and base catalyzed hydration of a carbonyl? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a A base deprotonates water, and an acid protonates the carbonyl in the first step of the mechanism. b A base deprotonates water, and an acid protonates the alkoxide in the second step of the mechanism. с A base deprotonates the carbonyl, and an acid protonates water in the first step of the mechanism. d A base deprotonates the carbonyl, and an acid protonates water in the second step of the mechanism.arrow_forwardExplain why phenols are more acidic than alcohols. Elaborate.arrow_forwardCarbonyl compounds can be protonated on the carbonyl oxygen. Protonation of the carbonyl oxygen gives a species whose positive charge is delocalized by resonance. Explain why acetic acid (ethanoic acid) is more readily protonated than acetone (propanone).arrow_forward
- a) Put these three common types of carbonyl compound in order of decreasing reactivity ester amide acid chloride b) For the least reactive, show the interconversion to its other resonance form: How does this electron delocalisation make it stable? c) For the most reactive, draw the mechanism of its undergoing hydrolysis (reaction with H2O): Why makes this type of carbonyl so reactive to nucleophiles?arrow_forwardWhich reagent(s) can be used to convert an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid? Choose all that apply. OH А. Jone's reagent and Tollen's reagent В. Sodium Borohydride С. Tollen's reagent D. PCC and Jone's reagent Е. O E. Grignard reagents and Lithium Aluminum Hydridearrow_forwardAmidation Reactions Part A Learning Goal: To identify characteristics common to all amidation reactions, and to apply these generalities in drawing specific amidation reactants or products. Part B Amidation reactions are condensation reactions. In a condensation reaction, two molecules join with a new covalent bond, and this results from the removal of a small molecule such as a water molecule. The reactants in amidation are a carboxylic acid and an amine, and the products are an amide and a water molecule. The carboxylic acid reactant can be of any type. The amine can be simple ammonia (NH₂). a primary amine. or a secondary amine. It cannot be a tertiary amine because tertiary amines lack the N-H Aspartame, an amide, is the sweetener commonly used in diet cola. COOH CH2 < 33 of 38 Review | Constants | Periodic Table CH2 O H₂N CH C NH-CH-COOCH3 7 H 2D EXP. CONT. aspartame Draw the carboxylic acid that is a reactant in the production of aspartame. Draw the molecule on the canvas by…arrow_forward
- Select the keyword or phrase that will best complete each sentence. Key terms: Toluene reacts faster than benzene in all substitution reactions. Thus, its electron- CH, group the benzene ring to acid electrophilic attack. activates A resonance effect is electron when resonance structures place a negative charge on carbons of the benzene ring. base k deactivates Inductive effects stem from the of the atoms in the substituent and the of the substituent groups. donating In a Friedel-Crafts alkylation, benzene is treated with an alkyl halide and a Lewis donation (AICI) to form an alkyl benzene. electronegativity nces When a neutral O or N atom is bonded directly to a benzene ring, the effect dominates and the net effect is electron inductive polarizability Nitrobenzene reacts more slowly than benzene in all substitution reactions. Thus, NO, group its electron- the benzene ring. poor A resonance effect is electron positive charge on carbons of the benzene ring. resonance when resonance…arrow_forwardC) a nitrile D) an amine nitrite salt DIRECTIONS: Each of the following questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers lettered A - D. Select or choose the letters of the best answer to the question or incomplete statement. 7. An organic nitrogen compound, X, gives ammonia on warming with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide, X could be A) ethanamide B) ethylamine C) phenylamine D) amino ethanoic acid Which one of the following reagents reacts 1. in a similar fashion with both phenylamine (C H,NH,) and ethylamine. A) Br,(aq) C) conc. HNO, D) cold HNO (aq) 2. Phenylamine (aniline) can be prepared by reducing nitrobenzene with tin and concerntrated hydrochloric acid followed by the addition of alkali and finally steam distillation. The alkali is added to; A) prevent oxidation of phenylamine. B) liberate free phenylamine from solution C) dissolve excess nitro benzene D) dissolve the phenylamine 8. Arrange the following molecules in their increasing order of base…arrow_forwardWrite an equation for the acid-base reaction between ethylmagnesium iodide and an alcohol. Use curved arrows to show the flow of electrons in this reaction. In addition, show by using appropriate pKa values that this reaction is an example of a stronger acid and stronger base reacting to give a weaker acid and weaker base.arrow_forward
- Organic Chemistry: A Guided InquiryChemistryISBN:9780618974122Author:Andrei StraumanisPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Bioche...ChemistryISBN:9781305960060Author:Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, Maren S. HansenPublisher:Cengage LearningOrganic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305580350Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. FootePublisher:Cengage Learning