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Concept explainers
Interpretation:
A possible template strand (
Concept Introduction:
The first step of the synthesis of proteins using the information in DNA is transcription.
During transcription, the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA takes place.
Only one DNA strand is needed for RNA synthesis, thus the double helix of DNA unwinds during transcription. The strand used for the RNA synthesis is called the template strand. The other strand (the non-template strand) is called the informational strand and is not involved in the RNA synthesis. The informational strand of DNA is complementary to the template strand.
The informational strand of DNA is complementary to the template strand; meaning the base sequence of the informational strand consists of the complementary base sequence of the template strand.
complementary base pairs:
Adenine pairs with thymine (A−T base pair).
Cytosine pairs with guanine (C−G base pair).
In addition, the direction of the two strands in the same DNA has different directions. Therefore, if the template strand goes from 3' to 5', the informational strand goes from 5' to 3'.
The mRNA synthesized from transcription has a complementary sequence to the DNA template from which it is prepared. Since the informational strand of DNA is complementary to the template strand, the mRNA is an exact copy of the informational strand, the only exception is that the base T present in the informational strand is replaced by U on the RNA strand.
The information needed to prepare a polypeptide is in the mRNA strand. Each sequence of three nucleotides (which is called a triplet or a codon) in the mRNA strand codes for a specific amino acid, except for three triplets: UAA, UAG, and UGA do not correspond to any amino acids and they are called stop codons because they signal the termination of protein synthesis.
Based on the codon sequence of the mRNA strand, the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide strand can be determined.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings specific amino acids to add to the synthesizing peptide chain. Each individual tRNA contains an anticodon of three nucleotides that is complementary to the codon in mRNA.
In a polypeptide, the amino acids are bonded via peptide bonds.
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Chapter 22 Solutions
General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry
- What spectral features allow you to differentiate the product from the starting material? Use four separate paragraphs for each set of comparisons. You should have one paragraph each devoted to MS, HNMR, CNMR and IR. 2) For MS, the differing masses of molecular ions are a popular starting point. Including a unique fragmentation is important, too. 3) For HNMR, CNMR and IR state the peaks that are different and what makes them different (usually the presence or absence of certain groups). See if you can find two differences (in each set of IR, HNMR and CNMR spectra) due to the presence or absence of a functional group. Include peak locations. Alternatively, you can state a shift of a peak due to a change near a given functional group. Including peak locations for shifted peaks, as well as what these peaks are due to. Ideally, your focus should be on not just identifying the differences but explaining them in terms of functional group changes.arrow_forwardQuestion 6 What is the major product of the following Diels-Alder reaction? ? Aldy by day of A. H о B. C. D. E. OB OD Oc OE OAarrow_forwardNonearrow_forward
- In the solid state, oxalic acid occurs as a dihydrate with the formula H2C2O4 C+2H2O. Use this formula to calculate the formula weight of oxalic acid. Use the calculated formula weight and the number of moles (0.00504mol) of oxalic acid in each titrated unknown sample recorded in Table 6.4 to calculate the number of grams of pure oxalic acid dihydrate contained in each titrated unknown sample.arrow_forward1. Consider a pair of elements with 2p and 4p valence orbitals (e.g., N and Se). Draw their (2p and 4p AO's) radial probability plots, and sketch their angular profiles. Then, consider these orbitals from the two atoms forming a homonuclear л-bond. Which element would have a stronger bond, and why? (4 points)arrow_forwardWrite the reaction and show the mechanism of the reaction. Include the mechanism for formation of the NO2+ 2. Explain, using resonance structures, why the meta isomer is formed. Draw possible resonance structures for ortho, meta and para.arrow_forward
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