Chapter 2.11, Problem 33PTS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons.  A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons.  A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons.  A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

 (d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons.  A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

 (e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons.  A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

 (f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons.  A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons.  A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons.  A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

 (i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons.  A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons.  A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons.  A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(l)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons.  A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.