Chapter 21, Problem 68GQ

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To write a balanced chemical equation of carbon, silicon, germanium and tin with elemental chlorine.

Concept introduction:

The elements carbon, silicon, germanium and tin belongs to group $14$ of the periodic table. The group $14$ elements all have ${\text{ns}}^{\text{2}}{\text{np}}^{\text{2}}$ outer electronic configuration. Either they can form two bonds by loosing its two electrons of p-orbital or they can form four bonds by exciting its one of s-electrons into its p-orbital.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: In the following compounds; ${\text{CCl}}_{\text{4}},{\text{SiCl}}_{\text{4}},{\text{GeCl}}_4\text{,}{\text{SnCl}}_4$ the bond in each compounds as an ionic and covalent is to be stated.

Concept introduction: An ionic bond is formed between metal and non-metal. The non-metals are electronegative in nature and metals are electropositive in nature. Therefore, non-metals get electrons very easily from metals and form ionic bond.

A covalent bond is formed between two non-metals that have approximately similar electronegativities. The non-metals can share electrons with each other to form a covalent bond.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To write the reactions of ${\text{CCl}}_{\text{4}},{\text{SiCl}}_4\text{,}{\text{SnCl}}_4$ with water.

Concept introduction: Hydrolysis is a chemical process involving breaking a bond in a molecule using water. There are three types of hydrolysis; salt hydrolysis, acidic hydrolysis and basic hydrolysis.