Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: The number of stereogenic centers present in
Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy
(b)
Interpretation: The hemiacetal carbon in
Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose
Aldehydes or ketones on reaction with one equivalent of alcohol form hemiacetal and on reaction with two equivalents of alcohol it forms acetals. This is nucleophilic addition reaction. These reactions takes place in presence of acids, commonly
Ethers contain only one alkoxy group on a carbon atom while acetals contain two alkoxy groups on a single carbon atom.
Hemiacetals contains one alkoxy group and one hydroxyl group attached to same carbon atom.
(c)
Interpretation: The structure of
Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose
(d)
Interpretation: The structure of poly hydroxy aldehyde that cyclizes to
Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose
Aldehydes or ketones on reaction with one equivalent of alcohol form hemiacetal and on reaction with two equivalents of alcohol it forms acetals. This is nucleophilic addition reaction. These reactions takes place in presence of acids, commonly
In
(e)
Interpretation: The products formed when
Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose
Aldehydes or ketones on reaction with one equivalent of alcohol form hemiacetal and on reaction with two equivalents of alcohol it forms acetals. This is nucleophilic addition reaction. These reactions takes place in presence of acids, commonly
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Organic Chemistry
- a. Classify this sugar based on its structural characteristics. A possible answer might look something like D-aldopentose. Н ОН Н CH2OH ОН OHarrow_forward7. Draw structure for the following compounds. D- fructose C. L-Mannose a - lactose g. B-D- ribose . نه نه ن a. e. i. Small section of amylopectin b. B-D- Galactose d. ß- maltose f. D-2-deoxyribose h. Small section of amylose j. Sucrosearrow_forwardI need help on number 6, a-farrow_forward
- >Lactose is a disaccharide of glucose and galactose. Draw the structure of lactose.arrow_forwardConsider the structure of carbohydrate, MANNY,arrow_forwarda. Classify this monosaccharide (e.g., aldotriose)b. Does it have the D or L configuration? c. Which carbon and oxygen become bonded in the furanose ring form of this monosaccharide (e.g., C2O6, where O6 means the oxygen on carbon 6, or "not formed")? d. Which carbon and oxygen become bonded in the pyranose ring form of this monosaccharide e.g., C2O6 or "not formed"?arrow_forward
- The following trisaccharide derivative is important to human health.The A ring is a deoxy derivative of which aldohexose?arrow_forwardConsider the tetrasaccharide stachyose drawn below. Stachyose is found in white jasmine, soybeans, and lentils. Because humans cannot digest it, its consumption causes flatulence.a. Label all glycoside bonds.b. Classify each glycosidic linkage as αα or ββ and use numbers to designate its location between two rings (e.g., 1→→4-ββ)-c. What products are formed when stachyose is hydrolyzed with H33O++?d. Is stachyose a reducing sugar?e. What product is formed when stachyose is treated with excess CH33I, Ag22O?f. What products are formed when the product in (e) is treated with H33O++?arrow_forward2. Identify the type of glycosidic bond that links the monosaccharides and the structure of the disaccharide as a- or 8-isomer. CH,OH H. H OH H CH: H но OH H OH H H. OH H. OHarrow_forward
- A glycosidic bond connects two monosaccharides to create sucrose (more commonly known as table sugar). Identify the type of glycosidic bond connecting the monosaccharides together as well as these two monosaccharides that are found in sucrose. a. α,ß-1,2-glycosidic bond, ß-L-glucose, and α- L-fructose b. α,ß-1,2-glycosidic bond, α-D-galactose, and ß-D-glucose c. α-1,4-glycosidic bond, α-D-glucose, and ß-D-fructose d. α,ß-1,2-glycosidic bond, α-D-glucose, and ß-D-fructosearrow_forward16. What type of functional group is formed when a linear sugar assumes a cyclic structure?A. KetoneB. AldehydeC. HemiacetalD. Ether17. D-fructose is a reducing monosaccharide. The reducing capacity of this sugar is related to the presence of a carbonylgroup. Where is the carbonyl group of this sugar located?A. second carbonB. penultimate carbonC. last carbonD. first carbonarrow_forwardWhich of the following is TRUE about D-glucose? Select one: O a. It is capable of forming mutarotation in solid state. O b. The hydroxyl group of the last carbon is found at the left. O c. It can have two isomers once dissolved. O d. It will have the same melting point as D-galactose since the two are epimers.arrow_forward
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