The valences of the four most common elements of living matter. Introduction: In the simplest level of organization, the human body consists of various chemical structures. The substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions are called elements. Every element has its own chemical symbol.

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Answer 1

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Chapter 2, Problem 6IQ

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The valences of the four most common elements of living matter.

Introduction: In the simplest level of organization, the human body consists of various chemical structures. The substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions are called elements. Every element has its own chemical symbol.

b.

Summary Introduction

To draw: The Lewis dot structure of given structures.

Introduction: In Lewis dot structures, covalent bonds between the atoms in a molecule are shown with dots and element symbols. Each atom of the molecule is represented by the symbol of the particular element, whereas the valence electrons of the element are depicted as dots around the symbol.

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Draw all three staggered conformations for the following compound, viewed along the C₂-C3 bond. Determine which conformation is the most stable, taking into account gauche interactions and hydrogen-bonding interactions. (J. Phys. Chem. A 2001, 105, 6991-6997) Provide a reason for your choice by identifying all of the interactions that led to your decision. H H&COH C₂ C3 HỌ CH CH3 Which of the following is the most stable staggered conformer? Me H OH Me OH Me- Me Me H Conformer A OH OH OH HO H H H Conformer B Conformer C Me Conformer B because the anti OH groups avoid hydrogen bonding, which is a destabilizing effect. Conformer A because there are only two gauche interactions, and hydrogen bonding between the two OH groups is a stabilizing effect. Conformer C because there is no steric strain for Me-OH gauche interactions and hydrogen bonding between the two OH groups is a stabilizing effect. Conformer B because the large OH groups are anti to each other.

The “octet rule” in chemistry helps predict the types of bonds thatatoms will form. In general, an atom will be most stable if it fills itsouter shell of 8 electrons. Atoms with fewer than 4 valence electronstend to donate electrons and those with more than 4 valence electronstend to accept additional electrons; those with exactly 4 can do both.Using this rule, determine what category each of the followingelements falls into: N, S, C, P, O, H, Ca, Fe, and Mg. (You will needto work out the valence of the atoms.)

In an ammonia molecule, one nitrogen atom (atomic number = 7; 1s² 2s²2p³) forms covalent bonds with three hydrogen atoms. Draw a diagram of an ammonia molecule. Show all valence electrons, lone pairs, molecular geometry, and partial charges (assume sp³ hybridization).

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 6IQ

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The valences of the four most common elements of living matter.

Introduction: In the simplest level of organization, the human body consists of various chemical structures. The substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions are called elements. Every element has its own chemical symbol.

b.

Summary Introduction

To draw: The Lewis dot structure of given structures.

Introduction: In Lewis dot structures, covalent bonds between the atoms in a molecule are shown with dots and element symbols. Each atom of the molecule is represented by the symbol of the particular element, whereas the valence electrons of the element are depicted as dots around the symbol.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 6IQ

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The valences of the four most common elements of living matter.

Introduction: In the simplest level of organization, the human body consists of various chemical structures. The substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions are called elements. Every element has its own chemical symbol.

b.

Summary Introduction

To draw: The Lewis dot structure of given structures.

Introduction: In Lewis dot structures, covalent bonds between the atoms in a molecule are shown with dots and element symbols. Each atom of the molecule is represented by the symbol of the particular element, whereas the valence electrons of the element are depicted as dots around the symbol.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 6IQ

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The valences of the four most common elements of living matter.

Introduction: In the simplest level of organization, the human body consists of various chemical structures. The substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions are called elements. Every element has its own chemical symbol.

b.

Summary Introduction

To draw: The Lewis dot structure of given structures.

Introduction: In Lewis dot structures, covalent bonds between the atoms in a molecule are shown with dots and element symbols. Each atom of the molecule is represented by the symbol of the particular element, whereas the valence electrons of the element are depicted as dots around the symbol.

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Answer 5

Chapter 2, Problem 6IQ

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The valences of the four most common elements of living matter.

Introduction: In the simplest level of organization, the human body consists of various chemical structures. The substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions are called elements. Every element has its own chemical symbol.

b.

Summary Introduction

To draw: The Lewis dot structure of given structures.

Introduction: In Lewis dot structures, covalent bonds between the atoms in a molecule are shown with dots and element symbols. Each atom of the molecule is represented by the symbol of the particular element, whereas the valence electrons of the element are depicted as dots around the symbol.

Answer 6

Chapter 2, Problem 6IQ

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The valences of the four most common elements of living matter.

Introduction: In the simplest level of organization, the human body consists of various chemical structures. The substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions are called elements. Every element has its own chemical symbol.

Answer 7

Chapter 2, Problem 6IQ

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The valences of the four most common elements of living matter.

Introduction: In the simplest level of organization, the human body consists of various chemical structures. The substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions are called elements. Every element has its own chemical symbol.

Answer 8

b.

Summary Introduction

To draw: The Lewis dot structure of given structures.

Introduction: In Lewis dot structures, covalent bonds between the atoms in a molecule are shown with dots and element symbols. Each atom of the molecule is represented by the symbol of the particular element, whereas the valence electrons of the element are depicted as dots around the symbol.

Answer 9

b.

Summary Introduction

To draw: The Lewis dot structure of given structures.

Introduction: In Lewis dot structures, covalent bonds between the atoms in a molecule are shown with dots and element symbols. Each atom of the molecule is represented by the symbol of the particular element, whereas the valence electrons of the element are depicted as dots around the symbol.

Answer 10

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Solution Summary: The author explains the valences of the four most common elements of living matter.

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