Chapter 2, Problem 10P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The more stable base among $B{r}^{-}$ and $I^{-}$ has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

If a base receives one proton, then the formed species is a conjugate acid whereas an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base.

If an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base. Weak base forms stronger conjugated acid.

Electronegativity: The chemical behavior of an atom where it attracts the shared electron pair to itself. Down the group, electronegativity decreases as the number of energy levels increases.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The more stable base among $C{H}_3{O}^{-}$ and $C{H}_3{S}^{-}$.

Concept introduction:

If a base receives one proton, then the formed species is a conjugate acid whereas an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base.

If an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base. Weak base forms stronger conjugated acid.

Electronegativity: The chemical behavior of an atom where it attracts the shared electron pair to itself. Down the group, electronegativity decreases as the number of energy levels increases.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The more stable base among.$C{H}_{3}C{H}_2{O}^{-}$  and $C{H}_{3}CO{O}^{-}$ has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

If a base receives one proton, then the formed species is a conjugate acid whereas an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base.

If an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base. Weak base forms stronger conjugated acid.

Electronegativity: The chemical behavior of an atom where it attracts the shared electron pair to itself. Down the group, electronegativity decreases as the number of energy levels increases.

Electronegativity depends on the acidity of a species. Order of electronegativity of hybridization is $sp>s{p}^2>s{p}^3$ so $s{p}^3$ hybridized molecule is weak acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The more stable base among $H_{2}C=\stackrel{-}{C}H$ and $HC\equiv C^{-}$ has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

If a base receives one proton, then the formed species is a conjugate acid whereas an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base.

If an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base. Weak base forms stronger conjugated acid.

Electronegativity: The chemical behavior of an atom where it attracts the shared electron pair to itself. Down the group, electronegativity decreases as the number of energy levels increases.

Electronegativity depends on the acidity of a species. Order of electronegativity of hybridization is $sp>s{p}^2>s{p}^3$ so $s{p}^3$ hybridized molecule is weak acid.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The more stable base among $FC{H}_{2}C{H}_{2}CO{O}^{-}$ and $BrC{H}_{2}C{H}_{2}CO{O}^{-}$ has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

If a base receives one proton, then the formed species is a conjugate acid whereas an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base.

If an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base. Weak base forms stronger conjugated acid.

Electronegativity: The chemical behavior of an atom where it attracts the shared electron pair to itself. Down the group, electronegativity decreases as the number of energy levels increases.

In carbohydrate, if hydrogen atoms are replaced by electronegative atoms, it causes inductive electron withdrawal. It stabilizes its conjugate base thus increases the strength of the acid.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The more stable base. among $ClC{H}_{2}C{H}_2{O}^{-}$ and $ClCHC{H}_2{O}^{-}$ has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

If a base receives one proton, then the formed species is a conjugate acid whereas an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base.

If an acid lose one proton, then the formed species is a conjugated base. Weak base forms stronger conjugated acid.

Electronegativity: The chemical behavior of an atom where it attracts the shared electron pair to itself. Down the group, electronegativity decreases as the number of energy levels increases.

In carbohydrate, if hydrogen atoms are replaced by electronegative atoms, it causes inductive electron withdrawal. It stabilizes its conjugate base thus increases the strength of the acid.