Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: In a molecule of glycocholic acid, the number of attachments to the steroid nucleus has to be predicted.
Concept introduction: There are two types of bile acids: simple and complexed. When a small amino group is attached to the carboxyl group of side chain present at carbon 17 through an amide linkage, then the free bile acids get converted into more complex bile acid.
(b)
Interpretation: In a molecule of glycocholic acid, the number of different
Concept introduction: There are two types of bile acids: simple and complexed. When a small amino group is attached to the carboxyl group of side chain present at carbon 17 through an amide linkage, then the free bile acids get converted into more complex bile acid.
(c)
Interpretation: In a molecule of glycocholic acid, the number of different functional groups has to be predicted.
Concept introduction: There are two types of bile acids: simple and complexed. When a small amino group is attached to the carboxyl group of side chain present at carbon 17 through an amide linkage, then the free bile acids get converted into more complex bile acid.
(d)
Interpretation: In a molecule of glycocholic acid, the number of different elements has to be predicted.
Concept introduction: There are two types of bile acids: simple and complexed. When a small amino group is attached to the carboxyl group of side chain present at carbon 17 through an amide linkage, then the free bile acids get converted into more complex bile acid.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 19 Solutions
EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
- Write down the structure of the amino acid asparagine and explain why you would classify it as an acidic, neutral or basic amino acid. (arrow_forwardConsider olive oil, an oil with a high percentage of fat derived from oleic acid (otherwise known as cis[18:1] fatty acid). a, Explain why such a structure may allow olive oil to be one of the "healthier" oils? b, why such a structure may allow olive oil to be a liquid at room temperature, while butter and lard are solid at room temperature? c, why such a structure may cause olive oil to be prone to oxidative damage upon exposure to air and heat?arrow_forwardClassify each of the following sugar pairs as enantiomers, diastereomers, epimers, or an aldose–ketose pair. a. D-erythrose and D-threose b. D-glucose and D-mannose c. D-ribose and L-ribose d. D-allose and D-galactose e. D-glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetonearrow_forward
- Draw the skeletal structure of the products formed when the given triacylglycerol is hydrolyzed with water in the presence of sulfuric acid. You may draw the structures in any arrangement that you like, so long as they aren't touching. Im +arrow_forwardDescribe the differences between lecithin and cephalin. Draw the structure of a glycerophospholipid containing two molecules of stearic acid and ethanolamine.arrow_forwardEach ionizable group of an amino acid can exist in one of two states, charged or neutral. The electric charge on the functional group is determined by the relationship between its pKa and the pH of the solution. This relationship is described by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.(a) Histidine has three ionizable functional groups. Write the equilibrium equations for its three ionizations and assign the proper pKafor each ionization. Draw the structure of histidine in each ionization state. What is the net charge on the histidine molecule in each ionization state?(b) Draw the structures of the predominant ionization state of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12. Note that the ionization state can be approximated by treating each ionizable group independently.(c) What is the net charge of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12? For each pH, will histidine migrate toward the anode (+) or cathode (−) when placed in an electric field?arrow_forward
- Write schematically the synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine through the activation of amino alcohol. Biological significance of phospholipids.arrow_forwardThe human body uses the branched polymer glycogen for short term storage of glucose in the liver. It is broken down by the stepwise removal of the terminal glucose monomer. Explain why it is an advantage for glycogen to have a branch chain structure rather than a linear structure. (A pargraph would be great)arrow_forwardIt is well known that sphingomyelin interacts with cholesterol and high affinity. What do you suppose is the structural basis for such interactions? Be specific.arrow_forward
- Cardiolipin is a membrane lipid found in bacteria and it is a major component of the inner membranes of heart mitochondria (hence the word ‘cardio’ in its name). The structure of the major cardiolipin of heart is shown in th picture: What are the fatty acids present? a.Oleic acid b.Palmitoleic acid c.Stearic acid d.Palmitic acidarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about aromatic amino acids is correct? (a) All are strongly hydrophilic. (b) Histidine's ring structure results in its being categorized as aromatic or basic, depending on pH. (c) On a molar basis, tryptophan absorbs more ultraviolet light than tyrosine. (d) The major contribution to the characteristic absorption of light at 280 nm by proteins is the phenylalanine R group. (e) The presence of a ring structure in its R group determines whether or not an amino acid is aromatic.arrow_forwardThe amylopectin molecule differs from the glyco- gen molecule by: |A The nature of their monosaccharides; B The nature of the osidic bond of the main chain; C Their number of reducing extremities; D The length of their ramifications; E The nature of the osidic bond established between their ramifications and their main chain.arrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education