Chapter 18.8, Problem 10P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The curved arrows to show the flow of electrons for steps $\text{1-3}$ in the given mechanism $18.4$ is to be used.

Concept introduction: Aldehydes and ketones contain carbonyl $\left(\text{C=O}\right)$ functional group in their parent chain and are obtained by the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols. Acetal is an organic compound with general formula $\text{RHC}{\left(\text{OR'}\right)}_2$. The two alkoxy groups $\left(\text{OR'}\right)$ are bonded with terminal carbon atom and the $\text{R'}$ group can be same or different.

Ketal is an organic compound with general formula ${\text{R}}_2\text{C}{\left(\text{OR'}\right)}_2$. The two alkoxy groups $\left(\text{OR'}\right)$ are bonded with same carbon atom in between the chain. The $\text{R'}$ and $\text{R}$ groups can be same or different.