1 Units, Physical Quantities, And Vectors 2 Motion Along A Straight Line 3 Motion In Two Or Three Dimensions 4 Newton’s Laws Of Motion 5 Applying Newton’s Laws 6 Work And Kinetic Energy 7 Potential Energy And Energy Conservation 8 Momentum, Impulse, And Collisions 9 Rotation Of Rigid Bodies 10 Dynamics Of Rotational Motion 11 Equilibrium And Elasticity 12 Fluid Mechanics 13 Gravitation 14 Periodic Motion 15 Mechanical Waves 16 Sound And Hearing 17 Temperature And Heat 18 Thermal Properties Of Matter 19 The First Law Of Thermodynamics 20 The Second Law Of Thermodynamics 21 Electric Charge And Electric Field 22 Gauss’s Law 23 Electric Potential 24 Capacitance And Dielectrics 25 Current, Resistance, And Electromotive Force 26 Direct-current Circuits 27 Magnetic Field And Magnetic Forces 28 Sources Of Magnetic Field 29 Electromagnetic Induction 30 Inductance 31 Alternating Current 32 Electromagnetic Waves 33 The Nature And Propagation Of Light 34 Geometric Optics 35 Interference 36 Diffraction 37 Relativity 38 Photons: Light Waves Behaving As Particles 39 Particles Behaving As Waves 40 Quantum Mechanics I: Wave Functions 41 Quantum Mechanics Ii: Atomic Structure 42 Molecules And Condensed Matter 43 Nuclear Physics 44 Particle Physics And Cosmology expand_more
18.1 Equations Of State 18.2 Molecular Properties Of Matter 18.3 Kinetic-molecular Model Of An Ideal Gas 18.4 Heat Capacities 18.5 Molecular Speeds 18.6 Phases Of Matter Chapter Questions expand_more
Problem 18.1DQ: Section 18.1 states that ordinarily, pressure, volume, and temperature cannot change individually... Problem 18.2DQ: In the ideal-gas equation, could an equivalent Celsius temperature be used instead of the Kelvin one... Problem 18.3DQ: When a car is driven some distance, the air pressure in the tires increases. Why? Should you let out... Problem 18.4DQ: The coolant in an automobile radiator is kept at a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure. Why is... Problem 18.5DQ: Unwrapped food placed in a freezer experiences dehydration, known as freezer burn. Why? Problem 18.6DQ: A group of students drove from their university (near sea level) up into the mountains for a skiing... Problem 18.7DQ: The derivation of the ideal-gas equation included the assumption that the number of molecules is... Problem 18.8DQ: A rigid, perfectly insulated container has a membrane dividing its volume in half. One side contains... Problem 18.9DQ: (a) Which has more atoms: a kilogram of hydrogen or a kilogram of lead? Which has more mass? (b)... Problem 18.10DQ: Use the concepts of the kinetic-molecular model to explain: (a) why the pressure of a gas in a rigid... Problem 18.11DQ: The proportions of various gases in the earths atmosphere change somewhat with altitude. Would you... Problem 18.12DQ: Comment on the following statement: When two gases are mixed, if they are to be in thermal... Problem 18.13DQ Problem 18.14DQ: The temperature of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of its... Problem 18.15DQ: If the pressure of an ideal monatomic gas is increased while the number of moles is kept constant,... Problem 18.16DQ: In deriving the ideal-gas equation from the kinetic-molecular model, we ignored potential energy due... Problem 18.17DQ: Imagine a special air filter placed in a window of a house. The tiny holes in the filter allow only... Problem 18.18DQ Problem 18.19DQ: Consider two specimens of ideal gas at the same temperature. Specimen A has the same total mass as... Problem 18.20DQ: The temperature of an ideal monatomic gas is increased from 25C to 50C. Does the average... Problem 18.21DQ Problem 18.22DQ: (a) If you apply the same amount of heat to 1.00 mol of an ideal monatomic gas and 1.00 mol of an... Problem 18.23DQ Problem 18.24DQ: In a gas that contains N molecules, is it accurate to say that the number of molecules with speed u... Problem 18.25DQ: The atmosphere of the planet Mars is 95.3% carbon dioxide (CO2) and about 0.03% water vapor. The... Problem 18.26DQ Problem 18.27DQ: Ice is slippery to walk on, and especially slippery if you wear ice skates. What does this tell you... Problem 18.28DQ: Hydrothermal vents are openings in the ocean floor that discharge very hot water. The water emerging... Problem 18.29DQ: The dark areas on the moons surface are called maria, Latin for seas, and were once thought to be... Problem 18.30DQ: In addition to the normal cooking directions printed on the back of a box of rice, there are also... Problem 18.1E: A 20.0-L tank contains 4.86 104 kg of helium at 18.0C. The molar mass of helium is 4.00g/mol. (a)... Problem 18.2E: Helium gas with a volume of 3.20 L, under a pressure of 0.180 atm and at 41.0C, is warmed until both... Problem 18.3E: A cylindrical tank has a tight-fitting piston that allows the volume of the tank to be changed. The... Problem 18.4E: A 3.00-L lank contains air at 3.00 atm and 20.0C. The tank is scaled and cooled until the pressure... Problem 18.5E: Planetary Atmospheres. (a) Calculate the density of the atmosphere at the surface of Mars (where the... Problem 18.6E: You have several identical balloons. You experimentally determine that a balloon will break if its... Problem 18.7E: A Jaguar XK8 convertible has an eight-cylinder engine. At the beginning of its compression stroke,... Problem 18.8E: A welder using a tank of volume 0.0750 m3 fills it with oxygen (molar mass 32.0 g/mol) at a gauge... Problem 18.9E: A large cylindrical tank contains 0.750 m3 of nitrogen gas at 27C and 7.50 103Pa (absolute... Problem 18.10E: An empty cylindrical canister 1.50 m long and 90.0 cm in diameter is to be filled with pure oxygen... Problem 18.11E: The gas inside a balloon will always have a pressure nearly equal to atmospheric pressure, since... Problem 18.12E: An ideal gas has a density of 1.33 106 g/cm3 at 1.00 103 atm and 20.0C. Identify the gas. Problem 18.13E: If a certain amount of ideal gas occupies a volume V at STP on earth, what would be its volume (in... Problem 18.14E: A diver observes a bubble of air rising from the bottom of a lake (where the absolute pressure is... Problem 18.15E: A metal tank with volume 3.10 L will burst if the absolute pressure of the gas it contains exceeds... Problem 18.16E: Three moles of an ideal gas are in a rigid cubical box with sides of length 0.300 m. (a) What is the... Problem 18.17E: With the assumptions of Example 18.4 (Section 18.1), at what elevation above sea level is air... Problem 18.18E: With the assumption that the air temperature is a uniform 0.0C, what is the density of the air at an... Problem 18.19E: (a) Calculate the mass of nitrogen present in a volume of 3000 cm3 if the gas is at 22.0C and the... Problem 18.20E: At an altitude of 11,000 m (a typical cruising altitude for a jet airliner), the air temperature is... Problem 18.21E Problem 18.22E Problem 18.23E: Modern vacuum pumps make it easy to attain pressures of the order of 1013 atm in the laboratory.... Problem 18.24E: The Lagoon Nebula (Fig. E18.24) is a cloud of hydrogen gas located 3900 light-years from the earth.... Problem 18.25E: In a gas at standard conditions, what is the length of the side of a cube that contains a number of... Problem 18.26E: How Close Together Are Gas Molecules? Consider an ideal gas at 27C and 1.00 atm. To get some idea... Problem 18.27E: (a) What is the total translational kinetic energy of the air in an empty room that has dimensions... Problem 18.28E: A flask contains a mixture of neon (Ne), krypton (Kr), and radon (Rn) gases. Compare (a) the average... Problem 18.29E: We have two equal-size boxes, A and B. Each box contains gas that behaves as an ideal gas. We insert... Problem 18.30E: A container with volume 1.64 L is initially evacuated. Then it is filled with 0.226 g of N2. Assume... Problem 18.31E Problem 18.32E: Martian Climate. The atmosphere of Mars is mostly CO2 (molar mass 44.0 g/mol) under a pressure of... Problem 18.33E Problem 18.34E: Calculate the mean free path of air molecules at 3.50 1013 atm and 300 K. (This pressure is readily... Problem 18.35E: At what temperature is the root-mean-square speed of nitrogen molecules equal to the... Problem 18.36E Problem 18.37E Problem 18.38E: Perfectly rigid containers each hold n moles of ideal gas, one being hydrogen (H2) and the other... Problem 18.39E: (a) Compute the specific heat at constant volume of nitrogen (NS) gas, and compare it with the... Problem 18.40E Problem 18.41E Problem 18.42E: For a gas of nitrogen molecules (N2), what must the temperature be if 94.7% of all the molecules... Problem 18.43E Problem 18.44E: Meteorology. The vapor pressure is the pressure of the vapor phase of a substance when it is in... Problem 18.45E: Calculate the volume of 1.00 mol of liquid water at 20C (at which its density is 998 kg/m3), and... Problem 18.46P: A physics lecture room at 1.00 atm and 27.0C has a volume of 216 m3. (a) Use the ideal-gas law to... Problem 18.47P: CP BIO The Effect of Altitude on the Lungs. (a) Calculate the change in air pressure you will... Problem 18.48P: CP BIO The Bends. If deep-sea divers rise to the surface too quickly, nitrogen bubbles in their... Problem 18.49P: CP A hot-air balloon stays aloft because hot air at atmospheric pressure is less dense than cooler... Problem 18.50P: In an evacuated enclosure, a vertical cylindrical tank of diameter D is sealed by a 3.00-kg circular... Problem 18.51P: A cylinder 1.00 m tall with inside diameter 0.120 m is used to hold propane gas (molar mass 44.1... Problem 18.52P: CP During a test dive in 1939, prior to being accepted by the U.S. Navy, the submarine Squalus sank... Problem 18.53P: Atmosphere or Titan. Titan, the largest satellite of Saturn, has a thick nitrogen atmosphere. At its... Problem 18.54P: Pressure on Venus. At the surface of Venus the aver-age temperature is a balmy 460 C due to the... Problem 18.55P: An automobile tire has a volume of 0.0150 m3 on a cold day when the temperature of the air in the... Problem 18.56P: A flask with a volume of 1.50 L, provided with a stop-cock, contains ethane gas (C2H6) at 300 K and... Problem 18.57P: CP A balloon of volume 750 m3 is to be filled with hydrogen at atmospheric pressure (1.01 105 Pa).... Problem 18.58P: A vertical cylindrical tank contains 1.80 mol of an ideal gas tinder a pressure of 0.300 atm at... Problem 18.59P: CP A large tank of water has a hose connected to it (Fig. P18.59). The tank is sealed at the top and... Problem 18.60P: CP A light, plastic sphere with mass m = 9.00 g and density = 4.00 kg/m3 is suspended in air by... Problem 18.61P Problem 18.62P: BIO A person at rest inhales 0.50 L of air with each breath at a pressure of 1.00 atm and a... Problem 18.63P: You have two identical containers, one containing gas A and the other gas B. The masses of these... Problem 18.64P: The size of an oxygen molecule is about 2.0 1010 m. Make a rough estimate of the pressure at which... Problem 18.65P: A sealed box contains a monatomic ideal gas. The number of gas atoms per unit volume is 5.00 1020... Problem 18.66P: Helium gas is in a cylinder that has rigid walls. If the pressure of the gas is 2.00 atm. then the... Problem 18.67P: You blow up a spherical balloon to a diameter of 50.0 cm until the absolute pressure inside is 1.25... Problem 18.68P: CP (a) Compute the increase in gravitational potential energy for a nitrogen molecule (molar mass... Problem 18.69P Problem 18.70P Problem 18.71P: It is possible to make crystalline solids that are only one layer of atoms thick. Such... Problem 18.72P: Hydrogen on the Sun. The surface of the sun has a temperature of about 5800 K and consists largely... Problem 18.73P Problem 18.74P: Planetary Atmospheres. (a) The temperature near the top of Jupiters multicolored cloud layer is... Problem 18.75P Problem 18.76P Problem 18.77P: CALC (a) Explain why in a gas of N molecules, the number of molecules having speeds in the finite... Problem 18.78P Problem 18.79P: CP Oscillations of a Piston. A vertical cylinder of radius r contains an ideal gas and is fitted... Problem 18.80P Problem 18.81P: DATA The Dew Point and Clouds. The vapor pressure of water (see Exercise 18.44) decreases as the... Problem 18.82P: DATA The statistical quantities average value and root-mean-square value can be applied to any... Problem 18.83CP: CP Dark Nebulae and the Interstellar Medium. The dark area in Fig. P18.83 that appears devoid of... Problem 18.84CP: CALC Earths Atmosphere. In t he troposphere, the part of the atmosphere that extends from earths... Problem 18.85PP Problem 18.86PP: Estimate the ratio of the thermal conductivity of Xe to that of He. (a) 0.015; (b) 0.061; (c) 0.10;... Problem 18.87PP: The rate of effusionthat is, leakage of a gas through tiny cracksis proportional to vrms. If tiny... format_list_bulleted