(a) Interpretation: How the given amine can be synthesized from a ketone or an aldehyde is to be shown. Concept introduction: Aldehydes and ketones react with ammonia and primary amines to form an imine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H 2 O under mildly acidic conditions. The imine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH 4 via nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

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Answer 1

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.41P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How the given amine can be synthesized from a ketone or an aldehyde is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones react with ammonia and primary amines to form an imine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H2O under mildly acidic conditions. The imine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH4 via nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

How the given amine can be synthesized from a ketone or an aldehyde is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones react with secondary amines to form an enamine. Since there is only one hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom, imine formation cannot occur. Instead, a proton from the α-carbon is extracted to form an enamine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H2O under mildly acidic conditions. The enamine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH4 via the nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Steps to synthesize amine from a ketone or aldehyde is to be proposed

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones react with ammonia and primary amines to form an imine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H2O under mildly acidic conditions. The imine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH4 via nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

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(a 4 shows scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of extruded actions of packing bed for two capillary columns of different diameters, al 750 (bottom image) and b) 30-μm-i.d. Both columns are packed with the same stationary phase, spherical particles with 1-um diameter. A) When the columns were prepared, the figure shows that the column with the larger diameter has more packing irregularities. Explain this observation. B) Predict what affect this should have on band broadening and discuss your prediction using the van Deemter terms. C) Does this figure support your explanations in application question 33? Explain why or why not and make any changes in your answers in light of this figure. Figure 4 SEM images of sections of packed columns for a) 750 and b) 30-um-i.d. capillary columns.³

fcrip = ↓ bandwidth Il temp 32. What impact (increase, decrease, or no change) does each of the following conditions have on the individual components of the van Deemter equation and consequently, band broadening? Increase temperature Longer column Using a gas mobile phase instead of liquid Smaller particle stationary phase Multiple Paths Diffusion Mass Transfer

34. Figure 3 shows Van Deemter plots for a solute molecule using different column inner diameters (i.d.). A) Predict whether decreasing the column inner diameters increase or decrease bandwidth. B) Predict which van Deemter equation coefficient (A, B, or C) has the greatest effect on increasing or decreasing bandwidth as a function of i.d. and justify your answer. Figure 3 Van Deemter plots for hydroquinone using different column inner diameters (i.d. in μm). The data was obtained from liquid chromatography experiments using fused-silica capillary columns packed with 1.0-μm particles. 35 20 H(um) 큰 20 15 90 0+ 1500 100 75 550 01 02 594 05 μ(cm/sec) 30 15 10

Answer 2

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.41P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How the given amine can be synthesized from a ketone or an aldehyde is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones react with ammonia and primary amines to form an imine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H2O under mildly acidic conditions. The imine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH4 via nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

How the given amine can be synthesized from a ketone or an aldehyde is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones react with secondary amines to form an enamine. Since there is only one hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom, imine formation cannot occur. Instead, a proton from the α-carbon is extracted to form an enamine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H2O under mildly acidic conditions. The enamine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH4 via the nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Steps to synthesize amine from a ketone or aldehyde is to be proposed

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones react with ammonia and primary amines to form an imine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H2O under mildly acidic conditions. The imine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH4 via nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.41P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How the given amine can be synthesized from a ketone or an aldehyde is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones react with ammonia and primary amines to form an imine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H2O under mildly acidic conditions. The imine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH4 via nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

How the given amine can be synthesized from a ketone or an aldehyde is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones react with secondary amines to form an enamine. Since there is only one hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom, imine formation cannot occur. Instead, a proton from the α-carbon is extracted to form an enamine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H2O under mildly acidic conditions. The enamine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH4 via the nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Steps to synthesize amine from a ketone or aldehyde is to be proposed

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones react with ammonia and primary amines to form an imine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H2O under mildly acidic conditions. The imine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH4 via nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.41P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How the given amine can be synthesized from a ketone or an aldehyde is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones react with ammonia and primary amines to form an imine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H2O under mildly acidic conditions. The imine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH4 via nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

How the given amine can be synthesized from a ketone or an aldehyde is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones react with secondary amines to form an enamine. Since there is only one hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom, imine formation cannot occur. Instead, a proton from the α-carbon is extracted to form an enamine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H2O under mildly acidic conditions. The enamine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH4 via the nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Steps to synthesize amine from a ketone or aldehyde is to be proposed

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones react with ammonia and primary amines to form an imine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H2O under mildly acidic conditions. The imine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH4 via nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

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Answer 5

Chapter 18, Problem 18.41P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How the given amine can be synthesized from a ketone or an aldehyde is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones react with ammonia and primary amines to form an imine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H2O under mildly acidic conditions. The imine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH4 via nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

How the given amine can be synthesized from a ketone or an aldehyde is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones react with secondary amines to form an enamine. Since there is only one hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom, imine formation cannot occur. Instead, a proton from the α-carbon is extracted to form an enamine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H2O under mildly acidic conditions. The enamine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH4 via the nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Steps to synthesize amine from a ketone or aldehyde is to be proposed

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones react with ammonia and primary amines to form an imine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H2O under mildly acidic conditions. The imine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH4 via nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

Answer 6

Chapter 18, Problem 18.41P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How the given amine can be synthesized from a ketone or an aldehyde is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones react with ammonia and primary amines to form an imine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H2O under mildly acidic conditions. The imine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH4 via nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

Answer 7

Chapter 18, Problem 18.41P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

How the given amine can be synthesized from a ketone or an aldehyde is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones react with ammonia and primary amines to form an imine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H2O under mildly acidic conditions. The imine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH4 via nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

How the given amine can be synthesized from a ketone or an aldehyde is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones react with secondary amines to form an enamine. Since there is only one hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom, imine formation cannot occur. Instead, a proton from the α-carbon is extracted to form an enamine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H2O under mildly acidic conditions. The enamine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH4 via the nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

How the given amine can be synthesized from a ketone or an aldehyde is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones react with secondary amines to form an enamine. Since there is only one hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom, imine formation cannot occur. Instead, a proton from the α-carbon is extracted to form an enamine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H2O under mildly acidic conditions. The enamine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH4 via the nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Steps to synthesize amine from a ketone or aldehyde is to be proposed

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones react with ammonia and primary amines to form an imine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H2O under mildly acidic conditions. The imine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH4 via nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Steps to synthesize amine from a ketone or aldehyde is to be proposed

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones react with ammonia and primary amines to form an imine. The reaction occurs as a nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation and elimination of H2O under mildly acidic conditions. The imine can be reduced to the corresponding amine with NaBH4 via nucleophilic addition of a hydride ion to the imine carbon.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.1P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.2P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.3P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.4P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.5P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.6P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.7P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.8P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.9P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains how the given amine can be synthesized from a ketone or an aldehyde.

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