Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
Atom or ion oxidized in reactions below has to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Oxidation number is integer value allotted to every element. It is formal charge occupied by atom if all of its bonds are dissociated heterolytically. Below mentioned are rules to assign oxidation numbers to various elements.
1. Elements present in their free state have zero oxidation number.
2. Oxidation number of hydrogen is generally
3. Oxidation number of oxygen is
4. Metals have positive oxidation numbers.
5. Negative oxidation numbers are assigned to most electronegative element in covalent compounds.
6. Sum of oxidation numbers of different elements in neutral atom is zero.
7. Sum of oxidation numbers of various elements in polyatomic ion is equal to charge present on ion.
(a)
Explanation of Solution
Given reaction (1) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (1) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of carbon changes from
Given reaction (2) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (2) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of sulfur changes from
Given reaction (3) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (3) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of nitrogen changes from
Given reaction (4) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (4) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of sulfur changes from
Given reaction (5) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (5) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of oxygen changes from
(b)
Interpretation:
Atom or ion reduced in reactions below has to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(b)
Explanation of Solution
Given reaction (1) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (1) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of oxygen changes from 0 to
Given reaction (2) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (2) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of nitrogen changes from
Given reaction (3) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (3) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of copper changes from
Given reaction (4) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (4) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of oxygen changes from
Given reaction (5) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (5) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of oxygen changes from
(c)
Interpretation:
Oxidizing agent in reactions below has to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(c)
Explanation of Solution
Given reaction (1) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (1) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of oxygen changes from 0 to
Given reaction (2) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (2) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of nitrogen changes from
Given reaction (3) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (3) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of copper changes from
Given reaction (4) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (4) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of oxygen changes from
Given reaction (5) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (5) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of oxygen changes from
(d)
Interpretation:
Reducing agent in reactions below has to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(d)
Explanation of Solution
Given reaction (1) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (1) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of carbon changes from
Given reaction (2) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (2) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of sulfur changes from
Given reaction (3) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (3) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of nitrogen changes from
Given reaction (4) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (4) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of sulfur changes from
Given reaction (5) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (5) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of oxygen changes from
(e)
Interpretation:
Oxidation state change in oxidizing agent in reactions below has to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(e)
Explanation of Solution
Given reaction (1) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (1) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of oxygen changes from 0 to
Hence oxidation state of oxidizing agent in this reaction changes from 0 to
Given reaction (2) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (2) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of nitrogen changes from
Hence oxidation state of oxidizing agent in this reaction changes from
Given reaction (3) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (3) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of copper changes from
Hence oxidation state of oxidizing agent in this reaction changes from
Given reaction (4) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (4) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of oxygen changes from
Hence oxidation state of oxidizing agent in this reaction changes from
Given reaction (5) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (5) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of oxygen changes from
Hence oxidation state of oxidizing agent in this reaction changes from
(f)
Interpretation:
Oxidation state change in reducing agent in reactions below has to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(f)
Explanation of Solution
Given reaction (1) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (1) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of carbon changes from
Hence oxidation state of reducing agent in this reaction changes from
Given reaction (2) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (2) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of sulfur changes from
Hence oxidation state of reducing agent in this reaction changes from
Given reaction (3) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (3) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of nitrogen changes from
Hence oxidation state of reducing agent in this reaction changes from
Given reaction (4) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (4) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of sulfur changes from
Hence oxidation state of reducing agent in this reaction changes from
Given reaction (5) is as follows:
Oxidation number of each atom in reaction (5) is as follows:
Since oxidation state of oxygen changes from
Hence oxidation state of reducing agent in this reaction changes from
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Chapter 17 Solutions
FOUND.OF COLLEGE CHEMISTRY
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