Given that phenylboronic acid upon nitration gives 15% orthosubstitution product and 85% meta product. The meta directing effect of the –B(OH) 2 group is to be explained. Concept introduction: The substituents attached to the ring have a strong influence on the incoming electrophile. Electron releasing substituent groups, except halogens, activate the ring and direct the incoming electrophile to the o- and p- positions. Halogens are o- and p- directors but they deactivate the ring. Electron withdrawing substituent groups deactivate the ring and direct the incoming electrophile to the m- position. Boron compounds are usually electron acceptors as in these compounds boron is electron deficient. To explain: The meta directing effect of the –B(OH) 2 group as upon nitrating phenylboronic acid 15% orthosubstitution product and 85% meta product are obtained.

Question

The table includes macrostates characterized by 4 energy levels (&) that are equally spaced but with different degrees of occupation. a) Calculate the energy of all the macrostates (in joules). See if they all have the same energy and number of particles. b) Calculate the macrostate that is most likely to exist. For this macrostate, show that the population of the levels is consistent with the Boltzmann distribution. macrostate 1 macrostate 2 macrostate 3 ε/k (K) Populations Populations Populations 300 5 3 4 200 7 9 8 100 15 17 16 0 33 31 32 DATO: k = 1,38×10-23 J K-1

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 66AP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Given that phenylboronic acid upon nitration gives 15% orthosubstitution product and 85% meta product. The meta directing effect of the –B(OH)₂ group is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The substituents attached to the ring have a strong influence on the incoming electrophile. Electron releasing substituent groups, except halogens, activate the ring and direct the incoming electrophile to the o- and p- positions. Halogens are o- and p- directors but they deactivate the ring. Electron withdrawing substituent groups deactivate the ring and direct the incoming electrophile to the m- position. Boron compounds are usually electron acceptors as in these compounds boron is electron deficient.

To explain:

The meta directing effect of the –B(OH)₂ group as upon nitrating phenylboronic acid 15% orthosubstitution product and 85% meta product are obtained.

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The table includes macrostates characterized by 4 energy levels (&) that are equally spaced but with different degrees of occupation. a) Calculate the energy of all the macrostates (in joules). See if they all have the same energy and number of particles. b) Calculate the macrostate that is most likely to exist. For this macrostate, show that the population of the levels is consistent with the Boltzmann distribution. macrostate 1 macrostate 2 macrostate 3 ε/k (K) Populations Populations Populations 300 5 3 4 200 7 9 8 100 15 17 16 0 33 31 32 DATO: k = 1,38×10-23 J K-1

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