a) Interpretation: Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized is to be stated. Concept introduction: In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the keto group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare p-chloroacetophenone, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to Friedal-Crafts acylation. To state: Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized.

Question

Imagine an electrochemical cell based on these two half reactions with electrolyte concentrations as given below: Oxidation: Pb(s) → Pb2+(aq, 0.10 M) + 2 e– Reduction: MnO4–(aq, 1.50 M) + 4 H+(aq, 2.0 M) + 3 e– → MnO2(s) + 2 H2O(l) Calculate Ecell (assuming temperature is standard 25 °C).

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 56AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the keto group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare p-chloroacetophenone, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to Friedal-Crafts acylation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-bromonitrobenzene, benzene has to be first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m–bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to sulfonation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be sulfonated and the benzenesulfonicacid obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

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Imagine an electrochemical cell based on these two half reactions with electrolyte concentrations as given below: Oxidation: Pb(s) → Pb2+(aq, 0.10 M) + 2 e– Reduction: MnO4–(aq, 1.50 M) + 4 H+(aq, 2.0 M) + 3 e– → MnO2(s) + 2 H2O(l) Calculate Ecell (assuming temperature is standard 25 °C).

: ☐ + Draw the Fischer projection of the most common naturally-occurring form of aspartate, with the acid group at the top and the side chain at the bottom. Important: be sure your structure shows the molecule as it would exist at physiological pH. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. ✓

For a silver-silver chloride electrode, the following potentials are observed: E°cell = 0.222 V and E(saturated KCl) = 0.197 V Use this information to find the [Cl–] (technically it’s the activity of Cl– that’s relevant here, but we’ll just call it “concentration” for simplicity) in saturated KCl.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 56AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the keto group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare p-chloroacetophenone, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to Friedal-Crafts acylation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-bromonitrobenzene, benzene has to be first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m–bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to sulfonation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be sulfonated and the benzenesulfonicacid obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 56AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the keto group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare p-chloroacetophenone, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to Friedal-Crafts acylation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-bromonitrobenzene, benzene has to be first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m–bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to sulfonation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be sulfonated and the benzenesulfonicacid obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 56AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the keto group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare p-chloroacetophenone, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to Friedal-Crafts acylation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-bromonitrobenzene, benzene has to be first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m–bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to sulfonation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be sulfonated and the benzenesulfonicacid obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

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Answer 5

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 56AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the keto group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare p-chloroacetophenone, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to Friedal-Crafts acylation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-bromonitrobenzene, benzene has to be first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m–bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to sulfonation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be sulfonated and the benzenesulfonicacid obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Answer 6

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 56AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the keto group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare p-chloroacetophenone, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to Friedal-Crafts acylation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized.

Answer 7

Chapter 16.SE, Problem 56AP

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the keto group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare p-chloroacetophenone, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to Friedal-Crafts acylation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-bromonitrobenzene, benzene has to be first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m–bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the nitro group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-bromonitrobenzene, benzene has to be first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m–bromonitrobenzene can be synthesized.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to sulfonation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be halogenated and the halobenzene obtained should be subjected to sulfonation.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how o-bromobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be sulfonated and the benzenesulfonicacid obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions halogens are ortho and para directing groups while the sulfonic acid group is a meta directing group. Hence to prepare m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, benzene has to be sulfonated and the benzenesulfonicacid obtained should be halogenated.

To state:

Starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds and assuming that the ortho and para isomers can be separated, if necessary, how m-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid can be synthesized.

Answer 14

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Answer 25

Ch. 16.1 - Prob. 1P Ch. 16.2 - Propose a mechanism for the electrophilic...Ch. 16.2 - How many products might be formed on chlorination...Ch. 16.2 - When benzene is treated with D2SÅª4. deuterium...Ch. 16.3 - Prob. 5P Ch. 16.3 - What is the major monosubstitution product from...Ch. 16.3 - Identify the carboxylic acid chloride that might...Ch. 16.4 - Rank the compounds in each of the following groups...Ch. 16.4 - Predict the major products of the following...Ch. 16.4 - Prob. 10P

Solution Summary: The author explains how p-chloroacetophenone can be synthesized by starting from benzene as the only source of aromatic compounds.

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Chapter 16 Solutions