Chapter 16, Problem 9PE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Shift in equilibrium with increase in temperature for a below reaction has to be determined.

  ${\text{CH}}_{\text{4}}\left(g\right)+2{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\left(g\right)\rightleftharpoons {\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}\left(g\right)+2{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}\left(g\right)+802.3\text{ kJ}$

Concept Introduction:

Le Chatelier’s principle states that changes at equilibrium in system respond to reduce the changes and bring back the system to restore its equilibrium under new conditions. According to this principle with increase in temperature reaction rate rises due to rise in kinetic energy. In case of endothermic reaction that is when energy is absorbed then the reaction moves in forward direction. In case of exothermic reaction that is when energy is released then reaction moves in backward direction.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Shift in equilibrium with addition of catalyst for a below reaction has to be determined.

  ${\text{CH}}_{\text{4}}\left(g\right)+2{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\left(g\right)\rightleftharpoons {\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}\left(g\right)+2{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}\left(g\right)+802.3\text{ kJ}$

Concept Introduction:

Catalyst is a substance that affects rate of chemical reaction and thus there is no effect of it in equilibrium of reaction.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Shift in equilibrium on addition of ${\text{CH}}_{\text{4}}$ for a below reaction has to be determined.

  ${\text{CH}}_{\text{4}}\left(g\right)+2{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\left(g\right)\rightleftharpoons {\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}\left(g\right)+2{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}\left(g\right)+802.3\text{ kJ}$

Concept Introduction:

Le Chatelier’s principle states that changes at equilibrium in system respond to reduce the changes and bring back the system to restore its equilibrium under new conditions.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Shift in equilibrium as volume of vessel is decreased in a below reaction has to be determined.

  ${\text{CH}}_{\text{4}}\left(g\right)+2{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\left(g\right)\rightleftharpoons {\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}\left(g\right)+2{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}\left(g\right)+802.3\text{ kJ}$

Concept Introduction:

Change in volume affects rate of reaction only for the gaseous molecules. With increase in volume pressure decreases and equilibrium shifts towards left side to favor reactants.