Define the following: a. spontaneous process b. entropy c. positional probability d. system e. surroundings f. universe

Question

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 16, Problem 1RQ

Define the following:

a. spontaneous process

b. entropy

c. positional probability

d. system

e. surroundings

f. universe

(a)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term spontaneous process has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

A process which occurs without any interference or without any external force is termed as a spontaneous process.

An increase in the entropy of universe is the driving force for a spontaneous reaction.

(b)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term entropy has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

Entropy is a measure of molecular randomness or disorder. It describes the positions or energy levels available to a system in a given state.

Entropy is an important part of thermodynamics that tells about the disorganized energy of a system. It is termed as a measure of molecular randomness or disorder.

It describes the positions or energy levels available to a system in a given state.

(c)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term positional probability has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

Positional probability is the probability of occurrence of particular arrangements of a given state and it depends upon the number of configurations in space that yields a particular state.

(d)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term system has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system.

In physical chemistry, the universe is divided into two parts; system and surrounding. The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system.

(e)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term surroundings has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system. The surrounding comprises of the region that is present outside the system.

(f)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term universe has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

The area that includes the system and the surrounding is known as universe. The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system. The surrounding comprises of the region that is present outside the system.

The system and the surroundings together are known as the universe.

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Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 16, Problem 1RQ

Define the following:

a. spontaneous process

b. entropy

c. positional probability

d. system

e. surroundings

f. universe

(a)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term spontaneous process has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

A process which occurs without any interference or without any external force is termed as a spontaneous process.

An increase in the entropy of universe is the driving force for a spontaneous reaction.

(b)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term entropy has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

Entropy is a measure of molecular randomness or disorder. It describes the positions or energy levels available to a system in a given state.

Entropy is an important part of thermodynamics that tells about the disorganized energy of a system. It is termed as a measure of molecular randomness or disorder.

It describes the positions or energy levels available to a system in a given state.

(c)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term positional probability has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

Positional probability is the probability of occurrence of particular arrangements of a given state and it depends upon the number of configurations in space that yields a particular state.

(d)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term system has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system.

In physical chemistry, the universe is divided into two parts; system and surrounding. The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system.

(e)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term surroundings has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system. The surrounding comprises of the region that is present outside the system.

(f)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term universe has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

The area that includes the system and the surrounding is known as universe. The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system. The surrounding comprises of the region that is present outside the system.

The system and the surroundings together are known as the universe.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 16, Problem 1RQ

Define the following:

a. spontaneous process

b. entropy

c. positional probability

d. system

e. surroundings

f. universe

(a)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term spontaneous process has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

A process which occurs without any interference or without any external force is termed as a spontaneous process.

An increase in the entropy of universe is the driving force for a spontaneous reaction.

(b)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term entropy has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

Entropy is a measure of molecular randomness or disorder. It describes the positions or energy levels available to a system in a given state.

Entropy is an important part of thermodynamics that tells about the disorganized energy of a system. It is termed as a measure of molecular randomness or disorder.

It describes the positions or energy levels available to a system in a given state.

(c)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term positional probability has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

Positional probability is the probability of occurrence of particular arrangements of a given state and it depends upon the number of configurations in space that yields a particular state.

(d)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term system has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system.

In physical chemistry, the universe is divided into two parts; system and surrounding. The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system.

(e)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term surroundings has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system. The surrounding comprises of the region that is present outside the system.

(f)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term universe has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

The area that includes the system and the surrounding is known as universe. The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system. The surrounding comprises of the region that is present outside the system.

The system and the surroundings together are known as the universe.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 16, Problem 1RQ

Define the following:

a. spontaneous process

b. entropy

c. positional probability

d. system

e. surroundings

f. universe

(a)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term spontaneous process has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

A process which occurs without any interference or without any external force is termed as a spontaneous process.

An increase in the entropy of universe is the driving force for a spontaneous reaction.

(b)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term entropy has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

Entropy is a measure of molecular randomness or disorder. It describes the positions or energy levels available to a system in a given state.

Entropy is an important part of thermodynamics that tells about the disorganized energy of a system. It is termed as a measure of molecular randomness or disorder.

It describes the positions or energy levels available to a system in a given state.

(c)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term positional probability has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

Positional probability is the probability of occurrence of particular arrangements of a given state and it depends upon the number of configurations in space that yields a particular state.

(d)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term system has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system.

In physical chemistry, the universe is divided into two parts; system and surrounding. The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system.

(e)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term surroundings has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system. The surrounding comprises of the region that is present outside the system.

(f)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term universe has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

The area that includes the system and the surrounding is known as universe. The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system. The surrounding comprises of the region that is present outside the system.

The system and the surroundings together are known as the universe.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

(a)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term spontaneous process has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

A process which occurs without any interference or without any external force is termed as a spontaneous process.

An increase in the entropy of universe is the driving force for a spontaneous reaction.

(b)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term entropy has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

Entropy is a measure of molecular randomness or disorder. It describes the positions or energy levels available to a system in a given state.

Entropy is an important part of thermodynamics that tells about the disorganized energy of a system. It is termed as a measure of molecular randomness or disorder.

It describes the positions or energy levels available to a system in a given state.

(c)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term positional probability has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

Positional probability is the probability of occurrence of particular arrangements of a given state and it depends upon the number of configurations in space that yields a particular state.

(d)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term system has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system.

In physical chemistry, the universe is divided into two parts; system and surrounding. The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system.

(e)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term surroundings has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system. The surrounding comprises of the region that is present outside the system.

(f)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term universe has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

The area that includes the system and the surrounding is known as universe. The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system. The surrounding comprises of the region that is present outside the system.

The system and the surroundings together are known as the universe.

Answer 8

(a)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term spontaneous process has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

A process which occurs without any interference or without any external force is termed as a spontaneous process.

An increase in the entropy of universe is the driving force for a spontaneous reaction.

Answer 9

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 10

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term spontaneous process has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Answer 13

Explanation of Solution

A process which occurs without any interference or without any external force is termed as a spontaneous process.

An increase in the entropy of universe is the driving force for a spontaneous reaction.

Answer 14

(b)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term entropy has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

Entropy is a measure of molecular randomness or disorder. It describes the positions or energy levels available to a system in a given state.

Entropy is an important part of thermodynamics that tells about the disorganized energy of a system. It is termed as a measure of molecular randomness or disorder.

It describes the positions or energy levels available to a system in a given state.

Answer 15

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 16

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term entropy has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Answer 19

Explanation of Solution

Entropy is a measure of molecular randomness or disorder. It describes the positions or energy levels available to a system in a given state.

Entropy is an important part of thermodynamics that tells about the disorganized energy of a system. It is termed as a measure of molecular randomness or disorder.

It describes the positions or energy levels available to a system in a given state.

Answer 20

(c)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term positional probability has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

Positional probability is the probability of occurrence of particular arrangements of a given state and it depends upon the number of configurations in space that yields a particular state.

Answer 21

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 22

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 23

Expert Solution

Answer 24

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term positional probability has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Answer 25

Explanation of Solution

Positional probability is the probability of occurrence of particular arrangements of a given state and it depends upon the number of configurations in space that yields a particular state.

Answer 26

(d)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term system has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system.

In physical chemistry, the universe is divided into two parts; system and surrounding. The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system.

Answer 27

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 28

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 29

Expert Solution

Answer 30

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term system has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Answer 31

Explanation of Solution

The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system.

In physical chemistry, the universe is divided into two parts; system and surrounding. The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system.

Answer 32

(e)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term surroundings has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system. The surrounding comprises of the region that is present outside the system.

Answer 33

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer 34

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer 35

Expert Solution

Answer 36

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term surroundings has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Answer 37

Explanation of Solution

The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system. The surrounding comprises of the region that is present outside the system.

Answer 38

(f)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term universe has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Explanation of Solution

The area that includes the system and the surrounding is known as universe. The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system. The surrounding comprises of the region that is present outside the system.

The system and the surroundings together are known as the universe.

Answer 39

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer 40

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer 41

Expert Solution

Answer 42

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given term universe has to be defined.

Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.

Answer 43

Explanation of Solution

The area that includes the system and the surrounding is known as universe. The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system. The surrounding comprises of the region that is present outside the system.

The system and the surroundings together are known as the universe.