The fluoridation of water as a means for preventing tooth decay is recommended by the U.S. Public Health Service ( USPHS ) . The given recommended concentration is 1 mg F − per liter. The maximum molarity of the calcium ions present in hard water if the fluoride concentration is at the USPHS recommended level is to be calculated. Concept introduction: Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a certain amount of solvent at certain temperature. The solubility product, K sp is the equilibrium constant that is applied when salt partially dissolve in a solvent. The solubility product of dissociation of A x B y is calculated by the formula, K sp = [ A ] x [ B ] y

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Chapter 15, Problem 80AE

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The fluoridation of water as a means for preventing tooth decay is recommended by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) . The given recommended concentration is 1 mg F− per liter. The maximum molarity of the calcium ions present in hard water if the fluoride concentration is at the USPHS recommended level is to be calculated.

Concept introduction: Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a certain amount of solvent at certain temperature. The solubility product, Ksp is the equilibrium constant that is applied when salt partially dissolve in a solvent. The solubility product of dissociation of AxBy is calculated by the formula,

Ksp=[A]x[B]y

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Consider three hypothetical ionic solids: AX,AX2, and AX3 (each X forms X-). Each of these solids has the same Ksp value, 5.5 x10-7. You place 0.25 mol of each compound in a separate container and add enough water to bring the volume to 1.0 dm3 in each case. Write the chemical equation for each of the solids dissolving in water. Would you expect the concentration of each solution to be 0.25M in the compound? Explain, in some detail, why or why not. Would you expect the concentrations of the A cations (A+, A2+, and A3+) in the three solutions to be the same? Does just knowing the stoichiometry of each reaction help you determine the answer, or do you need something else? Explain your answer in detail, but without doing any arithmetic calculations. Of the three solids, which one would you expect to have the greatest molar solubility? Explain in detail, but without doing any arithmetic calculations. Calculate the molar solubility of each compound.

Consider three hypothetical ionic solids: AX,AX2, and AX3 (each X forms X-). Each of these solids has the same Ksp value, 5.5 x10-7. You place 0.25 mol of each compound in a separate container and add enough water to bring the volume to 1.0 dm3 in each case. Write the chemical equation for each of the solids dissolving in water. Would you expect the concentration of each solution to be 0.25M in the compound? Explain, in some detail, why or why not. Would you expect the concentrations of the A cations (A+, A2+, and A3+) in the three solutions to be the same? Does just knowing the stoichiometry of each reaction help you determine the answer, or do you need something else? Explain your answer in detail, but without doing any arithmetic calculations. Of the three solids, which one would you expect to have the greatest molar solubility? Explain in detail, but without doing any arithmetic calculations. e. Calculate the molar solubility of each compound