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When toluene is sulfonated (concentrated
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- Nonconjugated , -unsaturated ketones, such as 3-cyclohexenone, are in an acid-catalyzed equilibrium with their conjugated , -unsaturated isomers. Propose a mechanism for this isomerization.arrow_forwardWhen 2-iodo-1,4-dimethylcyclohexane is heated in acetic acid, CH3COOH, a mixture of substitution and elimination products is obtained. Provide structures for all possible products, writing [not drawing] the name of the mechanism by which each one is formed.arrow_forwardThe reaction of 1-bromopropane and sodium hydroxide in ethanol occurs by an SN2mechanism. What happens to the rate of this reaction under the following conditions?(a) The concentration of NaOH is doubled.(b) The concentrations of both NaOH and 1-bromopropane are doubled.(c) The volume of the solution in which the reaction is carried out is doubled.arrow_forward
- (b) Consider the reaction of 1-bromobutane with a large excess of ammonia (NH3). Draw the reactants, the transition state, andthe products. Note that the initial product is the salt of an amine (RNH3+ Br - ), which is deprotonated by the excess ammonia to give the amine.arrow_forwardGive the products for each of the following reactions. (a) (b) (c) + H₂cod OCH3 о || -COCH 3arrow_forwardExplain why methyl trifluoroacetate, CF3CO2CH3, is more reactive than methyl acetate, CH3CO2CH3, in nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions.arrow_forward
- Show how to bring about each step in this synthesis of the herbicide propranil.arrow_forwardA problem often encountered in the oxidation of primary alcohols to acids is that esters are sometimes produced as by-products. For example, oxidation of ethanol yields acetic acid and ethyl acetate: Propose a mechanism to account for the formation of ethyl acetate. Take into account the reversible reaction between aldehydes and alcohols:arrow_forwardDraw the major organic product obtained by reaction of benzoyl chloride with dimethylamine, (CH3)2NH.arrow_forward
- A synthetic organic molecule, G, which contains both aldehyde and ether functional groups, is subjected to a series of reactions in a multi-step synthesis pathway. In the first step, G undergoes a Wittig reaction, leading to the formation of an alkene, H. Subsequently, H is treated with an ozone (O3) reagent followed by a reducing agent in an ozonolysis reaction, resulting in the formation of two different products, I and J. Considering the functional groups present in G and the nature of the reactions involved, what are the most probable structures or functional groups present in products I and J? A. I contains a carboxylic acid group, and J contains an aldehyde group. B. I contains a ketone group, and J contains an alcohol group. C. I and J both contain aldehyde groups. D. I contains an ester group, and J contains a ketone group. Don't use chat gpt.arrow_forwardCH3 Ph3P-CHCH3 H3C H3C Aldehydes and ketones are converted into alkenes by means of a direct nucleophilic addition called the Wittig reaction. In the reaction, a triphenylphosphorine ylide, also called a phosphorane, adds to an aldehyde/ketone to give a four-membered cyclic intermediate called an oxaphosphetane. The oxaphosphetane is not isolated but instead spontaneously decomposes to release triphenylphosphine oxide and an alkene. Ph3P-CHCH3 H3C The ylide is formed by reaction of triphenylphosphine, a good nucleophile, with a primary alkyl halide in an S 2 reaction, followed by deprotonation of the carbon with a strong base, such as butyllithium. The carbonyl carbon and the carbon originally bonded to the halogen become the two carbons with the double bond in the product alkene :0: CH3 Com The real value of the Wittig reaction lies in its ability to yield an alkene of predictable structure, as the C-C bond is precisely where the C=O bond was in the reactant and no isomers (other than…arrow_forward4) Aromatic compounds are among the most abundant and versatile in nature. From a synthetic point of view, these compounds, despite their stabilities, are quite useful and can undergo reactions under special conditions and by specific mechanisms, such as the Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (SAE) and the Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (SNAr). Based on this, please answer the following items: (b) How would you prepare the following compounds starting from benzene? Explain the second in a different wayarrow_forward
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