Chapter 15, Problem 2LGP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The retrosynthetic route for synthesis of $\text{2-chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid}$ from toluene is to be written.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired electrons, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

Retrosynthesis is a technique in which the functional groups present in the product are used to assume the possible reactants and the backward reaction is traced.

A target molecule is deconstructed into readily available starting materials by retro synthesis. The process involves imaginary breaking of bonds by the conversion of one functional group into another.

Nitrating mixture (concentrated sulfuric acid and nitric acid).

Oxidation of methyl group by potassium permanganate gives carboxylic acid.

Friedel Craft’s reaction with chlorine in ferric chloride gives chloro substitution, meta to nitro group.

Methyl group is ortho/para directing group.