Chapter 15, Problem 15.2P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The statement, carbon engages in covalent rather than ionic bonding has to be explained in terms of atomic properties.

Concept Introduction:

Ionic bond:

When complete transfer of valance electrons takes place between atoms, ionic bond will form. It forms two oppositely charged ions.

For example, $\text{NaCl}$ forms ionic bond by transfer of an electron from sodium atom to chlorine atom and forms positive sodium ions and negative chloride ions.

Covalent bond:

When the bond forms between two non-metals by sharing of electrons pairs between atoms, it is said to be covalent bond.

For example, in ${\text{CH}}_{\text{4}}$, carbon and hydrogen atoms are bonded by covalent bonds.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The statement, carbon has four bonds in all its organic compounds has to be explained in terms of atomic properties.

Concept Introduction:

Covalent bond:

When the bond forms between two non-metals by sharing of electrons pairs between atoms, it is said to be covalent bond.

For example, in ${\text{CH}}_{\text{4}}$, carbon and hydrogen atoms are bonded by covalent bonds.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The statement, carbon forms neither stable cations like many metals nor stable anions like many non-metals has to be explained in terms of atomic properties.

Concept Introduction:

Cations and anions are charged species and are formed when the ionic bond between two groups or atoms is broken.  The cations are formed by the loss of one or more valance electrons and anions are formed by gaining one or more electrons.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The statement, carbon atoms bond to other carbon atoms more extensively than do the atoms of any other element has to be explained in terms of atomic properties.

Concept Introduction:

When the bond forms between two non-metals by sharing of electrons pairs between atoms, it is said to be covalent bond.

For example, in ${\text{CH}}_{\text{4}}$, carbon and hydrogen atoms are bonded by covalent bonds.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The statement, carbon forms stable multiple bonds has to be explained in terms of atomic properties.

Concept Introduction:

When the bond forms between two non-metals by sharing of electrons pairs between atoms, it is said to be covalent bond.

For example, in ${\text{CH}}_{\text{4}}$, carbon and hydrogen atoms are bonded by covalent bonds.