Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis of Life
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780190209896
Author: Trudy McKee, James R. McKee
Publisher: Oxford University Press
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Chapter 14, Problem 4Q
Summary Introduction
To review:
The synthetic pathway for melatonin.
Introduction:
Melatonin is produced in the light-sensitive pineal gland of the brain. The secretion of the pineal gland is depressed by nerve impulses that originate in the retina of the eye and other light-sensitive tissues in the body in response to light. It alsoworks in circadian rhythms.
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Melatonin is a hormone derived from serotonin. It is produced in the brain’s light-sensitive pineal gland. The pineal’s secretion of melatonin is depressed by nerve impulses that originate in the retina of the eye and other light-sensitive tissue in the body in response to light. Pineal function is involved in circadian rhythms, patterns of biochemical activity associated with light and dark, such as sleep/wake cycles. Melatonin is also a powerful antioxidant, especially in the central nervous system. After serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is produced in the pineal gland, it is converted to 5-hydroxy-N-acetyltryptamine by N-acetyltransferase. 5-Hydroxy-Nacetyltryptamine is then methylated by O-methyltransferase. SAM is the methylating agent. With this information, draw the synthetic pathway of melatonin.
Among the given statements, which ones correctly
describe the commonality in dopamine and
epinephrine?
Select the correct response(s):
10
0
Their formation involves esterification.
They are associated with the sensation of
pleasure.
They are phenolic compounds.
They are monoamine compounds.
They act as hormones.
They are anionic in nature.
They are synthesized in the adrenaline
glands.
They can be synthesized from tyrosine
only.
They involve a transmethylation reaction
in their synthesis.
Describe the catecholamines. Give one example.
Describe steroid hormones. Give one example.
How are they different in their action and why?
Chapter 14 Solutions
Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis of Life
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- Explain the situation where the same hormone could have two opposite effects on the body using different receptors (name them and describe specific signaling pathways and resulting outcomes)arrow_forwardElevated levels of cortisol have been shown to reduce areas of the hippocampus in the brain resulting in short term memory loss in older adults. (source: Sonia J. Lupien et al. Nature Neuroscience 1, 69-73 [1998]) Exposure to long-term stress results in elevated levels of cortisol in adults. Over time, cortisol may have detrimental effects on your health. Determine the effect below that is NOT a result of long-term stress. Select one: O a. Blood pressure is elevated. O b. The body is more prone to infections. c. The breathing rate increases. Od. Blood sugar levels are elevated. Clear my choicearrow_forwardIn comparison to protein hormones, steroid hormones: (Select all that apply). O Have a longer half-life O Have a shorter half life O Are water-soluble O Are lipid-soluble O Can cross the cell membrane O Cannot cross the cell membrane Can interact with receptors on the cell surface O Can interact with receptors in the nucleus or cytoplasmarrow_forward
- Below are structures of several steroid hormones derived from cholesterol. Circle the steroid nucleusin each.arrow_forwardSteroid hormones find their receptors inside of cells. True or Flase? This is true. Explain why this is not falsearrow_forwardMelatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland, a small gland in the brain. Melatonin helps control your sleep and wake cycles. Evaluate each statement below and select the statement that best describes the pathway. Select one: a. Light on the retina stimulates the hypothalamus to send a signal to the pineal gland to stop producing melatonin, signalling the body to go to sleep. b. Light on the retina stimulates the hypothalamus to send a signal to the pineal gland to increase the production of melatonin, signalling the body to go to sleep. c. Light on the retina stimulates the hypothalamus to send a signal to the pineal gland to stop producing melatonin, signalling the body to wake up. d. Light on the retina stimulates the hypothalamus to send a signal to the pineal gland to increase the production of melatonin, signalling the body to wake up.arrow_forward
- After reading about hormones, please write a paragraph: What could happen to hormone function if target cells receptors are structurally incorrect?arrow_forwardExplain how light affects the function of the pineal gland. What is the relationship between pineal gland function and circadian rhythms?arrow_forwardDraw a table to differentiate Nervous System from the Endocrine System in terms of the following: 1. Molecules released 2. Site of action 3. Types of target cells 4. Onset of action 5. Duration of actionarrow_forward
- Elevated levels of cortisol have been shown to reduce areas of the hippocampus in the brain resulting in short term memory loss in older adults.(source: Sonia J. Lupien et al. Nature Neuroscience 1, 69–73 [1998])Exposure to long-term stress results in elevated levels of cortisol in adults. Over time, cortisol may have detrimental effects on your health.Determine the effect below that is NOT a result of long-term stress.arrow_forwardThe interaction between the hormones and behavior is bidirectional. How do hormones affect the behavior of an individual and vice versa? Cite an example for each to support your answer. Explain in 4-6 sentences only.arrow_forwardList the amine hormones/ neurohormones synthesized from the amino acid tyrosinearrow_forward
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