Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 14, Problem 2TYK
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
Hershey and Chase carried a series of experiments to show that DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material. Earlier biologists believed that proteins are the genetic material. In this experiment, a bacteriophage T2 phage was used to infect a bacterium. The phage DNA was labeled with radioactive phosphorus-32 (32P), and the phage protein was labeled with radioactive sulfur-35 (35S). The amount of radioactive isotopes was observed in the infected bacterium.
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Materials
In order to determine the genetic material of a T2 phage, Alfred Hershey and
Martha Chase conducted experiments using T2 phages that infected bacteria. In
one treatment, they grew phages with radioactive sulfur. In another treatment,
they grew phages with radioactive phosphorous. They allowed both types of
phages to infect bacterial cells. After infection, they found that only bacteria
infected with phages grown with radioactive phosphorous showed any
radioactivity. Why did they use radioactive sulfur and phosphorous for this
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experiment? *
Newsela
ormation
O Sulfur is part of the DNA molecule but not part of a protein molecule.
Biology Periods 1 and 2
Sulfur and phosphorous are some of the most reactive molecules and are easily
ding periods
school MP1, Highschool
Highschool MP3,
school MP4
traced.
Sulfur and phosphorous are able to survive the centrifuge, a crucial component of the
experiment.
ion
Phosphorous is part of the DNA…
If a researcher accidentally transformed the bacterial two hybrid plasmids ( pKT25-X and pUT18-Y) into a normal strain of E coli that produces adenylate cyclase, his/her experiment will:
a. show a high lacZ activity in all tubes (control and experiment) because Proteins X and Y do not need to be interacting in order to activate lacZ gene prescription.
b. not work because cells lack cAMP.
c. need replicates in order to show true interaction between X and Y.
In Hershey-Chase experiment, bacteriophages protein coats were tagged with radioactive isotope S-32. These phages were used to infect E. coli cells and the cells were further centrifuged to form pellets.
Why was the radioactivity level of S-32 found greater outside the cells compared to the E. coli cell pellets? Explain briefly.
If the experiment is repeated in the same manner but this time the phage protein coats are labelled with isotope X and the phage DNA with isotope Y, which isotope’s radioactivity will be found in greater amounts in the E. coli cell pellets after centrifugation? Explain briefly.
Chapter 14 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 14.1 - Prob. 1SBCh. 14.2 - Prob. 1SBCh. 14.2 - Prob. 2SBCh. 14.2 - Prob. 3SBCh. 14.2 - Prob. 4SBCh. 14.3 - What is the importance of complementary base...Ch. 14.3 - Why is a primer needed for DNA replication? How is...Ch. 14.3 - DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I are used...Ch. 14.3 - Prob. 4SBCh. 14.4 - Why is a proofreading mechanism important for DNA...
Ch. 14 - Working on the Amazon River, a biologist isolated...Ch. 14 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 14 - Pyrimidines built from a single carbon ring are:...Ch. 14 - Which of the following statements about DNA...Ch. 14 - Which of the following statements about DNA is...Ch. 14 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 14 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 14 - Prob. 8TYKCh. 14 - Prob. 9TYKCh. 14 - Prob. 10TYKCh. 14 - Discuss Concepts Eukaryotic chromosomes can be...Ch. 14 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 14 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 14 - Discuss Concepts During replication, an error...Ch. 14 - Design an Experiment Design an experiment using...Ch. 14 - Prob. 16TYKCh. 14 - Prob. 1ITDCh. 14 - Prob. 2ITD
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- In the Hershey and Chase experiment involving T2 phage,a. most of the 32P entered the bacterial cells whereas most of the 35S did not.b. most of the 35S entered the bacterial cells whereas most of the 32P did not.c. equal amounts of 32P and 35S entered the bacterial cells.d. none of the above was observed.arrow_forwardIn a genetics lab, Kim and Maria infected a samplefrom an E. coli culture with a particular virulent bacteriophage. They noticed that most of the cells werelysed, but a few survived. The survival rate in theirsample was about 1 × 10−4. Kim was sure the bacteriophage induced the resistance in the cells, whileMaria thought that resistant mutants probably alreadyexisted in the sample of cells they used. Earlier, for adifferent experiment, they had spread a dilute suspension of E. coli onto solid medium in a large petri dish,and, after seeing that about 105colonies were growingup, they had replica-plated that plate onto three otherplates. Kim and Maria decide to use these plates totest their theories. They pipette a suspension of thebacteriophage onto each of the three replica plates.What should they see if Kim is right? What shouldthey see if Maria is right?arrow_forwardHershey and Chase used radioactive components to tag protein and DNA before infecting bacteriophage. What was the most important concept demonstrated by Hershey-Chase experiments? Explain the experiment in detail.arrow_forward
- When E. coli cells are mixed with recombinant vector DNA and subject to a stress such as heat shock, a small fraction of the cells will take up the plasmid DNA, a process known as : A. Ligation. B. Transformation. C. Transfection. D. Digestion.arrow_forwardPhage Mu may be integrated into E. coli genomic DNA via Select one: O a. recombination catalyzed by homologous recombination enzymes. O b. conservative transposition O c. integration catalyzed by integrase. d. replicative transpositionarrow_forwardThe following DNA sequence is from a bacteriophage that infects a pathogenic bacterium and scientists want to know if this bacteriophage could prove to be a potential treatment against it. But first scientists need to discover if different strains of this pathogen have restriction endonucleases that it may use for its own protection. They try 3 different RE’s:a) EcoR1 b) HaeIII c) BamH1 Look up the recognition sequences for the 3 Res. Enzymes above and check whether the phage genome (a snippet of which is shown below) will or will not be ‘cut’. Tell me how their experiment worked out and what their conclusion was.G A A A A G G C C A C A A G G C C G T C G A C T T T T A A A A G G C C A C A T G C G G C T T T T C C G G T G T T C C G G C AG C T GA A A AT T T T C C G G T G T A C G CCarrow_forward
- Define the following terms: a. nonreplicative transposition b. transposable element c. bacterial transformation d. transduction e. conjugationarrow_forwardIn the transformation experiment by Griffith, two strains of an organism was injected into a mouse model. One, he labelled S was a heat-killed but pathogenic strain while the other, R was a non- virulent or non-pathogenic strain. Within 48 hours, the mouse died and only the S strain was obtained from the dead mouse. What conclusions can you derived from this experiment? A. Some of the pathogenic S strains survived, proliferated and subsequently overpowered the R strain. B. The R strains mutated and were converted to a pathogenic S strain. C. The R strains assimilated the DNA from the S strain and were transformed into the S strain. D. The R strain DNA hybridized with the S strain DNA such that the daughter DNA of the new generation of R all contained the S DNA. E. All of these conclusions are possible.arrow_forwardWith respect to recombinant vaccines, it is CORRECT to state that: * (Only one statement is correct) (a) Protein subunit vaccines are formulated with the expression vector encoding the immunogenic protein or protein fragment (b) Recombinant carrier organisms are genetically modified to contain the pathogenic protein of the organism that will be the target of the vaccine (c) Nucleic acid vaccines are formulated with DNA or RNA molecules that, once internalized by cells, will generate recombinant proteins that will trigger the immune response against the desired pathogen (d) Unlike DNA vaccines, mRNA vaccines do not need to be internalized by cells, being recognized as foreign molecules to the organism that received them. (e) Laboratory-produced phages can be used as delivery tools in DNA vaccines, which will allow the expression of immunogenic proteins to the organism that received them (f) Pseudoviral particles (VLPs) are produced in cells that receive expression vectors…arrow_forward
- Bacteria exposed to viruses incorporate sections of the virus’s DNA into the CRISPR array sequences in their genome. This mechanism allows bacteria to fight off the viruses, like an immune response: the information in CRISPR spacers served as “coordinates” for recognizing and cutting up invading DNA sequences. Describe what might happen under the conditions described after a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and releases its DNA into the bacterial cell. Explain why: The cas genes on the bacterial genome contains a frameshift deletion mutation that alters the function of the protein The bacteria will be unable to elicit an immune response and will succumb to the phase infectionarrow_forwardThe genes for both the α- and βglobin chains of hemoglobin contain introns (i.e., they are split genes). How would this fact affect your plans if you wanted to introduce the gene for α-globin into a bacterial plasmid and have the bacteria produce α-globin?arrow_forwardIn order to express a eukaryotic gene in bacteria, which components are necessary for an expression vector that are not found in a regular plasmid? Select all that apply. a.)bacterial ribosome-bind sites b.)origin of replication c.)bacterial promoter d.)centromerearrow_forward
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