Chapter 14, Problem 14.25EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given alcohol structures denotes a cis- or trans- isomer has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one double bond in it.  There will not be any free rotation of the double bond in alkene.  Hence, cis‑trans isomerism is possible.  The first and foremost condition for the alkene to exhibit cis‑trans isomerism is that the carbon attached in either end of double bond must have different groups attached to it.

A cis isomer is the one in which the same groups are present on same side of both the carbon atoms present in the double bond.

A trans isomer is the one in which the same groups are present on opposite side of both the carbon atoms present in the double bond.

Cis‑trans isomerism is not possible if any one of the carbon atom bonded to the double bond bears two identical groups.

Cis‑trans isomers are not constitutional isomers but they are stereoisomers.

Cycloalkanes can also exhibit stereoisomerism.  The difference between constitutional isomerism and stereoisomerism is that, the result of difference in connectivity of carbon atoms is known as constitutional isomerism and the result of differences in configuration is known as stereoisomerism.  Stereoisomers are compounds that possess same molecular formula and connectivity of atoms but different orientations of atoms in space.  Cis isomers are the one where the two substituted groups on different carbon atom are present above or below the plane or the ring of carbon atoms.  Trans isomers are the one where the two substituted groups on different carbon atom are present one above and one below the plane or the ring of carbon atoms.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given alcohol structures denotes a cis- or trans- isomer has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one double bond in it.  There will not be any free rotation of the double bond in alkene.  Hence, cis‑trans isomerism is possible.  The first and foremost condition for the alkene to exhibit cis‑trans isomerism is that the carbon attached in either end of double bond must have different groups attached to it.

A cis isomer is the one in which the same groups are present on same side of both the carbon atoms present in the double bond.

A trans isomer is the one in which the same groups are present on opposite side of both the carbon atoms present in the double bond.

Cis‑trans isomerism is not possible if any one of the carbon atom bonded to the double bond bears two identical groups.

Cis‑trans isomers are not constitutional isomers but they are stereoisomers.

Cycloalkanes can also exhibit stereoisomerism.  The difference between constitutional isomerism and stereoisomerism is that, the result of difference in connectivity of carbon atoms is known as constitutional isomerism and the result of differences in configuration is known as stereoisomerism.  Stereoisomers are compounds that possess same molecular formula and connectivity of atoms but different orientations of atoms in space.  Cis isomers are the one where the two substituted groups on different carbon atom are present above or below the plane or the ring of carbon atoms.  Trans isomers are the one where the two substituted groups on different carbon atom are present one above and one below the plane or the ring of carbon atoms.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given alcohol structures denotes a cis- or trans- isomer has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one double bond in it.  There will not be any free rotation of the double bond in alkene.  Hence, cis‑trans isomerism is possible.  The first and foremost condition for the alkene to exhibit cis‑trans isomerism is that the carbon attached in either end of double bond must have different groups attached to it.

A cis isomer is the one in which the same groups are present on same side of both the carbon atoms present in the double bond.

A trans isomer is the one in which the same groups are present on opposite side of both the carbon atoms present in the double bond.

Cis‑trans isomerism is not possible if any one of the carbon atom bonded to the double bond bears two identical groups.

Cis‑trans isomers are not constitutional isomers but they are stereoisomers.

Cycloalkanes can also exhibit stereoisomerism.  The difference between constitutional isomerism and stereoisomerism is that, the result of difference in connectivity of carbon atoms is known as constitutional isomerism and the result of differences in configuration is known as stereoisomerism.  Stereoisomers are compounds that possess same molecular formula and connectivity of atoms but different orientations of atoms in space.  Cis isomers are the one where the two substituted groups on different carbon atom are present above or below the plane or the ring of carbon atoms.  Trans isomers are the one where the two substituted groups on different carbon atom are present one above and one below the plane or the ring of carbon atoms.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given alcohol structures denotes a cis- or trans- isomer has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one double bond in it.  There will not be any free rotation of the double bond in alkene.  Hence, cis‑trans isomerism is possible.  The first and foremost condition for the alkene to exhibit cis‑trans isomerism is that the carbon attached in either end of double bond must have different groups attached to it.

A cis isomer is the one in which the same groups are present on same side of both the carbon atoms present in the double bond.

A trans isomer is the one in which the same groups are present on opposite side of both the carbon atoms present in the double bond.

Cis‑trans isomerism is not possible if any one of the carbon atom bonded to the double bond bears two identical groups.

Cis‑trans isomers are not constitutional isomers but they are stereoisomers.

Cycloalkanes can also exhibit stereoisomerism.  The difference between constitutional isomerism and stereoisomerism is that, the result of difference in connectivity of carbon atoms is known as constitutional isomerism and the result of differences in configuration is known as stereoisomerism.  Stereoisomers are compounds that possess same molecular formula and connectivity of atoms but different orientations of atoms in space.  Cis isomers are the one where the two substituted groups on different carbon atom are present above or below the plane or the ring of carbon atoms.  Trans isomers are the one where the two substituted groups on different carbon atom are present one above and one below the plane or the ring of carbon atoms.