(a) Interpretation: The reason that the glucose consumption must increase in the hypoxic tissues to provide the same amount of ATP that could be produced from glucose in normoxic tissues. Concept introduction: Hypoxia can be defined as the medical condition when the tissues of the affected person are starved of the oxygen. The hypoxia can be of four different types, namely the hypoxemic type, anemic type, stagnant type, and the histotoxic type. In the extreme cases, when no oxygen is present in the body tissues, it is known as anoxia.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 19P

Interpretation Introduction

(a) Interpretation:

The reason that the glucose consumption must increase in the hypoxic tissues to provide the same amount of ATP that could be produced from glucose in normoxic tissues.

Concept introduction:

Hypoxia can be defined as the medical condition when the tissues of the affected person are starved of the oxygen. The hypoxia can be of four different types, namely the hypoxemic type, anemic type, stagnant type, and the histotoxic type. In the extreme cases, when no oxygen is present in the body tissues, it is known as anoxia.

Interpretation Introduction

(b) Interpretation:

The process by which the increase in the LDH expression will increase the glycolysis rate.

Concept introduction:

The LDH is known as the lactate dehydrogenase. This enzyme is present in almost all the cells of the body of all the living organisms. This enzyme converts the sugars consumed into energy through the process of glycolysis.

Interpretation Introduction

(c) Interpretation:

The reason that the increase in the PDK expression leads to a decreased rate of mitochondria respiration.

Concept introduction:

PDK, or the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase is an enzyme, which is used to inactivate the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme. This inactivation is done by this enzyme by phosphorylating the pyruvate dehydrogenase using the ATP.

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The beta-lactamase hydrolyzes the lactam-ring in penicillin. Describe the mechanism of hydrolysis, insuring to include the involvement of S, D, & K in the reaction sequence. Please help

To map the active site of beta-lactamase, the enzyme was hydrolyzed with trypsin to yield a hexapeptide (P1) with the following amino acids. Glu, Lys, Leu, Phe, Met, and Ser. Treatment of P1 with phenyl isothiocyanate yielded a PTH derivative of phenylalanine and a peptide (P2). Treatment of P1 with cyanogenbromide gave an acidic tetrapeptide (P3) and a dipeptide (P4).Treatment of P2 with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, followed by complete hydrolysis, yields N-2,4-dinitrophenyl-Glu. P1, P2, and P3 contain the active site serine. Why doesn't D in this hexapeptide not participate in the hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring even though S, K, and D are involved in the catalyst?

To map the active site of -lactamase, the enzyme was hydrolyzed with trypsin to yield a hexapeptide (P1) with the following amino acids. Glu, Lys, Leu, Phe, Met, and Ser. Treatment of P1 with phenyl isothiocyanate yielded a PTH derivative of phenylalanine and a peptide (P2). Treatment of P1 with cyanogenbromide gave an acidic tetrapeptide (P3) and a dipeptide (P4).Treatment of P2 with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, followed by complete hydrolysis, yields N-2,4-dinitrophenyl-Glu. P1, P2, and P3 contain the active site serine. Using the experimental results described above derive the primary sequence of the active site hexapeptide. Please help!

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 19P

Interpretation Introduction

(a) Interpretation:

The reason that the glucose consumption must increase in the hypoxic tissues to provide the same amount of ATP that could be produced from glucose in normoxic tissues.

Concept introduction:

Hypoxia can be defined as the medical condition when the tissues of the affected person are starved of the oxygen. The hypoxia can be of four different types, namely the hypoxemic type, anemic type, stagnant type, and the histotoxic type. In the extreme cases, when no oxygen is present in the body tissues, it is known as anoxia.

Interpretation Introduction

(b) Interpretation:

The process by which the increase in the LDH expression will increase the glycolysis rate.

Concept introduction:

The LDH is known as the lactate dehydrogenase. This enzyme is present in almost all the cells of the body of all the living organisms. This enzyme converts the sugars consumed into energy through the process of glycolysis.

Interpretation Introduction

(c) Interpretation:

The reason that the increase in the PDK expression leads to a decreased rate of mitochondria respiration.

Concept introduction:

PDK, or the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase is an enzyme, which is used to inactivate the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme. This inactivation is done by this enzyme by phosphorylating the pyruvate dehydrogenase using the ATP.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 19P

Interpretation Introduction

(a) Interpretation:

The reason that the glucose consumption must increase in the hypoxic tissues to provide the same amount of ATP that could be produced from glucose in normoxic tissues.

Concept introduction:

Hypoxia can be defined as the medical condition when the tissues of the affected person are starved of the oxygen. The hypoxia can be of four different types, namely the hypoxemic type, anemic type, stagnant type, and the histotoxic type. In the extreme cases, when no oxygen is present in the body tissues, it is known as anoxia.

Interpretation Introduction

(b) Interpretation:

The process by which the increase in the LDH expression will increase the glycolysis rate.

Concept introduction:

The LDH is known as the lactate dehydrogenase. This enzyme is present in almost all the cells of the body of all the living organisms. This enzyme converts the sugars consumed into energy through the process of glycolysis.

Interpretation Introduction

(c) Interpretation:

The reason that the increase in the PDK expression leads to a decreased rate of mitochondria respiration.

Concept introduction:

PDK, or the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase is an enzyme, which is used to inactivate the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme. This inactivation is done by this enzyme by phosphorylating the pyruvate dehydrogenase using the ATP.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 19P

Interpretation Introduction

(a) Interpretation:

The reason that the glucose consumption must increase in the hypoxic tissues to provide the same amount of ATP that could be produced from glucose in normoxic tissues.

Concept introduction:

Hypoxia can be defined as the medical condition when the tissues of the affected person are starved of the oxygen. The hypoxia can be of four different types, namely the hypoxemic type, anemic type, stagnant type, and the histotoxic type. In the extreme cases, when no oxygen is present in the body tissues, it is known as anoxia.

Interpretation Introduction

(b) Interpretation:

The process by which the increase in the LDH expression will increase the glycolysis rate.

Concept introduction:

The LDH is known as the lactate dehydrogenase. This enzyme is present in almost all the cells of the body of all the living organisms. This enzyme converts the sugars consumed into energy through the process of glycolysis.

Interpretation Introduction

(c) Interpretation:

The reason that the increase in the PDK expression leads to a decreased rate of mitochondria respiration.

Concept introduction:

PDK, or the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase is an enzyme, which is used to inactivate the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme. This inactivation is done by this enzyme by phosphorylating the pyruvate dehydrogenase using the ATP.

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Answer 5

Chapter 13, Problem 19P

Interpretation Introduction

(a) Interpretation:

The reason that the glucose consumption must increase in the hypoxic tissues to provide the same amount of ATP that could be produced from glucose in normoxic tissues.

Concept introduction:

Hypoxia can be defined as the medical condition when the tissues of the affected person are starved of the oxygen. The hypoxia can be of four different types, namely the hypoxemic type, anemic type, stagnant type, and the histotoxic type. In the extreme cases, when no oxygen is present in the body tissues, it is known as anoxia.

Interpretation Introduction

(b) Interpretation:

The process by which the increase in the LDH expression will increase the glycolysis rate.

Concept introduction:

The LDH is known as the lactate dehydrogenase. This enzyme is present in almost all the cells of the body of all the living organisms. This enzyme converts the sugars consumed into energy through the process of glycolysis.

Interpretation Introduction

(c) Interpretation:

The reason that the increase in the PDK expression leads to a decreased rate of mitochondria respiration.

Concept introduction:

PDK, or the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase is an enzyme, which is used to inactivate the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme. This inactivation is done by this enzyme by phosphorylating the pyruvate dehydrogenase using the ATP.

Answer 6

Chapter 13, Problem 19P

Interpretation Introduction

(a) Interpretation:

The reason that the glucose consumption must increase in the hypoxic tissues to provide the same amount of ATP that could be produced from glucose in normoxic tissues.

Concept introduction:

Hypoxia can be defined as the medical condition when the tissues of the affected person are starved of the oxygen. The hypoxia can be of four different types, namely the hypoxemic type, anemic type, stagnant type, and the histotoxic type. In the extreme cases, when no oxygen is present in the body tissues, it is known as anoxia.

Answer 7

Chapter 13, Problem 19P

Interpretation Introduction

(a) Interpretation:

The reason that the glucose consumption must increase in the hypoxic tissues to provide the same amount of ATP that could be produced from glucose in normoxic tissues.

Concept introduction:

Hypoxia can be defined as the medical condition when the tissues of the affected person are starved of the oxygen. The hypoxia can be of four different types, namely the hypoxemic type, anemic type, stagnant type, and the histotoxic type. In the extreme cases, when no oxygen is present in the body tissues, it is known as anoxia.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b) Interpretation:

The process by which the increase in the LDH expression will increase the glycolysis rate.

Concept introduction:

The LDH is known as the lactate dehydrogenase. This enzyme is present in almost all the cells of the body of all the living organisms. This enzyme converts the sugars consumed into energy through the process of glycolysis.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b) Interpretation:

The process by which the increase in the LDH expression will increase the glycolysis rate.

Concept introduction:

The LDH is known as the lactate dehydrogenase. This enzyme is present in almost all the cells of the body of all the living organisms. This enzyme converts the sugars consumed into energy through the process of glycolysis.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c) Interpretation:

The reason that the increase in the PDK expression leads to a decreased rate of mitochondria respiration.

Concept introduction:

PDK, or the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase is an enzyme, which is used to inactivate the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme. This inactivation is done by this enzyme by phosphorylating the pyruvate dehydrogenase using the ATP.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c) Interpretation:

The reason that the increase in the PDK expression leads to a decreased rate of mitochondria respiration.

Concept introduction:

PDK, or the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase is an enzyme, which is used to inactivate the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme. This inactivation is done by this enzyme by phosphorylating the pyruvate dehydrogenase using the ATP.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 13 - Prob. 1P Ch. 13 - Prob. 2P Ch. 13 - Suppose that aconitase did not bind its substrate...Ch. 13 - Prob. 4P Ch. 13 - Prob. 5P Ch. 13 - Prob. 6P Ch. 13 - Prob. 7P Ch. 13 - Prob. 8P Ch. 13 - Prob. 9P Ch. 13 - Prob. 10P

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Chapter 13 Solutions