The given reaction equation to be predicted Concept Introduction: Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds. Hydrogenation (Addition of H 2 to alkenes ): The addition of hydrogen molecule ( H 2 )to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 13.59AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of H2 to alkenes): The addition of hydrogen molecule (H2)to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Halogenation (Addition of halogen molecule to alkenes): The addition of halogen molecules like Cl2 and Br2 to a multiple bond to give a dihalide product.

c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrohalogenation (Addition of hydrogen halide to alkenes): The addition of hydrogen halide to a multiple bond to give an alkyl halide product.

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the less substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the more substituent carbon centre.

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (H+) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (-OH) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the less substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the more substituent carbon centre.

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 13.59AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of H2 to alkenes): The addition of hydrogen molecule (H2)to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Halogenation (Addition of halogen molecule to alkenes): The addition of halogen molecules like Cl2 and Br2 to a multiple bond to give a dihalide product.

c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrohalogenation (Addition of hydrogen halide to alkenes): The addition of hydrogen halide to a multiple bond to give an alkyl halide product.

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the less substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the more substituent carbon centre.

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (H+) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (-OH) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the less substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the more substituent carbon centre.

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 13.59AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of H2 to alkenes): The addition of hydrogen molecule (H2)to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Halogenation (Addition of halogen molecule to alkenes): The addition of halogen molecules like Cl2 and Br2 to a multiple bond to give a dihalide product.

c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrohalogenation (Addition of hydrogen halide to alkenes): The addition of hydrogen halide to a multiple bond to give an alkyl halide product.

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the less substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the more substituent carbon centre.

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (H+) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (-OH) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the less substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the more substituent carbon centre.

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 13.59AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of H2 to alkenes): The addition of hydrogen molecule (H2)to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Halogenation (Addition of halogen molecule to alkenes): The addition of halogen molecules like Cl2 and Br2 to a multiple bond to give a dihalide product.

c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrohalogenation (Addition of hydrogen halide to alkenes): The addition of hydrogen halide to a multiple bond to give an alkyl halide product.

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the less substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the more substituent carbon centre.

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (H+) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (-OH) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the less substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the more substituent carbon centre.

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

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Answer 5

Chapter 13, Problem 13.59AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of H2 to alkenes): The addition of hydrogen molecule (H2)to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Halogenation (Addition of halogen molecule to alkenes): The addition of halogen molecules like Cl2 and Br2 to a multiple bond to give a dihalide product.

c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrohalogenation (Addition of hydrogen halide to alkenes): The addition of hydrogen halide to a multiple bond to give an alkyl halide product.

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the less substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the more substituent carbon centre.

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (H+) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (-OH) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the less substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the more substituent carbon centre.

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

Answer 6

Chapter 13, Problem 13.59AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of H2 to alkenes): The addition of hydrogen molecule (H2)to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

Answer 7

Chapter 13, Problem 13.59AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of H2 to alkenes): The addition of hydrogen molecule (H2)to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Halogenation (Addition of halogen molecule to alkenes): The addition of halogen molecules like Cl2 and Br2 to a multiple bond to give a dihalide product.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Halogenation (Addition of halogen molecule to alkenes): The addition of halogen molecules like Cl2 and Br2 to a multiple bond to give a dihalide product.

Answer 10

c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrohalogenation (Addition of hydrogen halide to alkenes): The addition of hydrogen halide to a multiple bond to give an alkyl halide product.

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the less substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the more substituent carbon centre.

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

Answer 11

c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrohalogenation (Addition of hydrogen halide to alkenes): The addition of hydrogen halide to a multiple bond to give an alkyl halide product.

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the less substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the more substituent carbon centre.

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (H+) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (-OH) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the less substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the more substituent carbon centre.

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (H+) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (-OH) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the less substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the more substituent carbon centre.

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 17

Ch. 13.2 - Prob. 13.1P Ch. 13.2 - Prob. 13.2P Ch. 13.2 - What are the IUPAC names of the two alkenes shown...Ch. 13.3 - Prob. 13.4P Ch. 13.3 - Prob. 13.5P Ch. 13.3 - Prob. 13.6KCP Ch. 13.5 - Prob. 13.7P Ch. 13.5 - Many biological transformations can be simply...Ch. 13.5 - (a) After the reaction of 11-cis-retinal with...Ch. 13.5 - Prob. 13.2CIAP

Solution Summary: The author explains the reaction equation to be predicted. Addition reaction is a general reaction type in which X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant.

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