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(a)
Interpretation:
The most reactive non-metal needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
By accepting electrons, non -metals achieve a stable half-filled or full-filled configuration and these non-metals are most reactive in nature.
(a)
Answer to Problem 75A
Fluorine is the most reactive non-metal.
Explanation of Solution
The electronic configuration of fluorine is
(b)
Interpretation:
The smallest lanthanide element needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
The lanthanide contraction decreases more in ionic radii of the elements in the lanthanide series than expected.
(b)
Answer to Problem 75A
Lutetium is smallest lanthanide element.
Explanation of Solution
With an increase in the
Since the atomic number of lutetium is
(c)
Interpretation:
The largest metalloid in the periodic table needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
The metalloids are the elements which show the behavior of metals as well as non-metals.
(c)
Answer to Problem 75A
Polonium (Po) is the largest metalloid.
Explanation of Solution
As we move downwards, protons and electrons are being added to the same principal energy level. These electrons are gradually attracted closer to the nucleus. So, the radius of the atom decreases.
Since polonium is present in period 6 and group 16, its size is largest among metalloids.
(d)
Interpretation:
The metal with the lowest ionization energy has to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Ionization energy is a measure of the difficulty in removing an electron from an atom or ion or the tendency of an atom or ion to lose an electron. This is the energy required. So, the process is endothermic.
(d)
Answer to Problem 75A
The element with the smallest ionization energy is cesium.
Explanation of Solution
Electronic configuration of cesium is
As we move downwards, the value of ionization energy decreases because the valence electrons are going away from the nucleus and feel more shielding and weak attraction Hence, Cesium has the lowest ionization energy.
(e)
Interpretation:
The least reactive halogen has to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Halogens get less reactive as we go down the group.
(e)
Answer to Problem 75A
Astatine is the least reactive among the halogens.
Explanation of Solution
The electrons in the outer shell move away from the nucleus as we go down the group and the attractive pull between the electrons and the nucleus becomes less. So, the gain of an electron is not effective. Therefore, the reactivity of the atom reduces.
Since astatine is down the group in the halogen series it is least reactive.
(f)
Interpretation:
The least reactive member of the fifth period has to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
There are 10
(f)
Answer to Problem 75A
Cadmium is the least reactive member of the fifth period.
Explanation of Solution
The electronic configuration of Cadmium is
To react, an atom either gains or donates an electron. That is only possible if the valence electron shell is not filled completely.
If Cd undergoes reaction it has to break its highly stable full-filled outer electronic configuration.
(g)
Interpretation:
The actinide with the highest nuclear charge has to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
The nuclear charge is the charge an electron experiences in an atom with multiple other electrons present in the same atom.
In general
(g)
Answer to Problem 75A
Lawrencium has the highest nuclear charge.
Explanation of Solution
Actinides start from actinium
Since lawrencium has the highest number of protons, its nuclear charge among the actinide is also highest.
Chapter 11 Solutions
World of Chemistry, 3rd edition
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