Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781305073951
Author: Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 10, Problem 2DAA
Summary Introduction
To determine: The trend shown in the data that is seen around the age of 9 years.
Concept introduction: The eating behavior was evolved in order to meet the requirements for the growth and health of the person. The parental eating behavior has a great influence on the mortality rate of the offspring. The survival of the humans greatly affects the food scarcity.
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The introduction to this chapter describes the long-term effects of famine on people conceived during the Dutch Hunger Winter. a. What evidence suggests that these are epigenetic effects? b. What additional evidence would help to demonstrate that these changes are due to epigenetic changes?
Based on the information from studies of the long-term effects of diet on metabolism in mice, what might the epigenetic effects be on the children and grandchildren of people who were exposed to famine as children? Include in your answer the types of epigenetic changes in chromatin that you might expect to see and the phenotypic effects on lipid and cholesterol metabolism
In the introduction to this chapter, we discussed the role of famine during early prenatal development and how, through epigenetic effects, it influenced the health of individuals as adults. One effect that has been observed in people who were conceived during the Dutch Hunger Winter is that they suffer more cognitive decline later in life. If these individuals were autopsied after death, what differences might you expect to see in the chromatin of their brain cells? What do the mouse studies of cognition and epigenetic effects suggest?
Chapter 10 Solutions
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 10 - The expression of a gene may depend on _______. a....Ch. 10 - Prob. 2SQCh. 10 - Binding of ______ to _______ in DNA can increase...Ch. 10 - Prob. 4SQCh. 10 - Prob. 5SQCh. 10 - Muscle cells differ from bone cells because...Ch. 10 - Prob. 7SQCh. 10 - Homeotic gene products _______. a. flank a...Ch. 10 - A gene that is knocked out is ________. a. deleted...Ch. 10 - Which of the following includes all of the others?...
Ch. 10 - Prob. 11SQCh. 10 - Effect of Paternal Grandmothers Food Supply on...Ch. 10 - Prob. 2DAACh. 10 - Effect of Paternal Grandmothers Food Supply on...Ch. 10 - Prob. 12SQCh. 10 - A cell with a Barr body is ___ . a. a bacterium b....Ch. 10 - Operons _____. a. only occur in bacteria b. have...Ch. 10 - Prob. 15SQCh. 10 - Why are some genes expressed and some not?Ch. 10 - Prob. 2CTCh. 10 - Almost all calico cats (one is pictured in FIGURE...Ch. 10 - The photos above show flowers from Arabidopsis...
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- Considerable effort has been directed toward determining the genes in which sequence variation contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes. Approximately 800 genes have been implicated. Propose an explanation for this observation.arrow_forwardAn epigenetic study of maternal care in mice was used to study transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. This study found that increased maternal care during childhood resulted in lower stress levels as adults and decreased maternal care with their own offspring. Increased maternal care during childhood resulted in lower stress levels as adults and increased maternal care with their own offspring. Increased maternal care during childhood resulted in higher stress levels as adults and decreased maternal care with their own offspring. Increased maternal care during childhood resulted in higher stress levels as adults and increased maternal care with their own offspring.arrow_forwardWhile multiple animal studies have found that food dyes are not associated with no genotoxic effect effects, transient DNA damages occur in the colon of mice treated by amaranth and tartrazine dyes. TRUE OR FALSE Ultra-pasteurized organic milk can last a few weeks (longer expiration date) longer than the week or two that pasteurized conventional milks are labeled with, because that organic milk does not have the additives that conventional milk may have. TRUE or FALSE Red 3 has replaced Red 40 in most foods, because Red 40 could increase the risk of thyroid tumors as shown in some animal studies. TRUE OR FALSE Since the introduction of many pest-resistant GM crops, the usage of glyphosate has declined on conventional agriculture products. TRUE OR FALSEarrow_forward
- Comparisons between human and chimpanzee genomes indicate that a gene that may function as a wild-type or normal gene in one primate may function as a disease-causing gene in another [The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium (2005). Nature 437:69–87]. For instance, the PPARG locus (regulator of adipocyte differentiation) is a wild-type allele in chimps but is clearly associated with Type 2 diabetes in humans. What factors might cause this apparent contradiction? Would you consider such apparent contradictions to be rare or common? What impact might such findings have on the use of comparative genomics to identify and design therapies for disease-causing genes in humans?arrow_forwardA/a O A"/a afa Q afa Q Unsupplemented Supplemented b A"/a offspring Unsupplemented mother Supplemented mother This question relates to the aqouti mice research discussed in the lecture. What did the researchers observe in the experimental group (AVYA x aa) that was fed diets high in methyl donors? They gained weight rapidly. Increased expression of aqouti gene. Reduced risk of chronic disease Higher percentage of yellow offspring.arrow_forwardhttp://www.letsgethealthy.org/students/games/epigenetics-game/ (Links to an external site.) For the assignment this week I want you to play this epigenetic game that will show you how your choices (which will be the equivalent of of external factors in someone life) make your genes act differently. Last week, we learned about biology and race and how these fit together in the formation of biological determinants and social misconceptions. For this week's discussion, play the game. Discuss with your classmates what happened, and what you have learned about epigenetics and how this changes your understanding of genetics . How do epigenetic changes and epigenetic mechanisms in general influence health, our concepts of race, and inequality?arrow_forward
- Studies on monkeys have provided insight on the role of maternal care on the epigenome. Imagine you have 3 groups of monkeys. Group A: Monkeys raised by their biological mother. Group B: Monkeys raised by other monkeys that are not their biological mother. Group C: Monkeys raised by a human surrogate nurse. You then study the behavioural and epigenetic patterns of these monkeys. Which of the findings would be plausible from this study? A. Monkeys from group A will most likely become alcoholics. B. Monkeys from group B will be equally anxious compared to group C since neither were raised by their biological mother. C. Monkeys from group C will have a significantly different epigenomic pattern compared to group A. D. Groups A, B and C will have similar epigenomic patterns.arrow_forwardThe gene Igf2 for the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) promotes growth hormone production and cell proliferation, and is maternally imprited. The IGF receptor gene Igf2r counters the effects of the Igf2 gene and is paternally imprinted. In knockout experiments with mice, which combination of manipulated genes will result in mice that will grow to normal size? (a) The maternally derived Igf2r and paternally derived igf2 are both normally expressed. (b) The maternally derived Igf2r and paternally derived igf2 are both deleted. (c) The maternally derived Igf2r is normally expressed but the paternally derived Igf2 is deleted. (d) The paternally derived Igf2 is normally expressed but the maternally derived Igf2r is deleted. A. (c) and (d) B. (d) only C. (a) and (b) D. (a) onlyarrow_forwardUsing coat color in mice and the development of female honeybees as examples, explain how dietary factors cause epigenetic modifications and thereby lead to phenotypic effects.arrow_forward
- Through GWAS explorations, scientists have identified several SNPs linked to obesity in people who livein the United States. One of these SNPs was within agene called FTO. Interestingly, a common FTO variant is associated with obesity, but only in people bornafter 1945. Moreover, the later the birth year, thehigher the risk for obesity associated with this variantof FTO. Why would a genetic risk factor for obesityvary by birth year?arrow_forward23arrow_forwardstion 20 of 20 CO Epigenetics is the study of heritable traits that are not induced by changes to DNA sequence. Epigenetic changes can be inherited during somatic cell division to regulate the daughter cells of an individual organism. Most epigenetic modifications are reset prior to meiosis. However, some epigenetic changes can be inherited across generations. For example, environmental factors such as nutrition and chemical exposure can induce heritable epigenetic changes in animal models (Relton and Davey Smith, 2012). Genome imprinting is one type of epigenetic modification in which a cell or organism can reduce the expression of a gene and thereby silence the gene. Genome imprinting is caused by DNA methylation and histone modification, which reduce expression of a gene. The silencing occurs in a parent-of-origin-specific manner, where either the maternally derived allele or the paternally derived allele is imprinted and silenced. Expression occurs only through the nonimprinted…arrow_forward
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