Chapter 10, Problem 124A

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To determine the example of coordinate covalent bonding.

Concept Introduction: One element transfers an electron pair to another element to form a bond in a coordinate covalent bond. The sign '' is used to denote it. The acceptor species is represented by the head of the arrow, and the donor species is represented by the tail of the arrow.

Answer to Problem 124A

Ammonia is an example of covalent bonding.

Explanation of Solution

A covalent bond will form when molecule form by sharing electrons.

Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons hence, it will share its electrons with the hydrogen atom and make a single bond.

Example of coordinate covalent bonding: ${\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}{\text{+H}}^{\text{+}}\to {{\text{[NH}}_{\text{3}}\to \text{H]}}^{\text{+}}$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To determine the resonating structure.

Concept Introduction: Resonance structures are a collection of two or even more Lewis structures that together represent the electronic bonding, particularly fractional bonds and charges, of such a single polyatomic species.

Answer to Problem 124A

Benzene is an example of resonating structure.

Explanation of Solution

The capacity of a system to move its pi electrons is known as resonance. Resonating structures are those created when the delocalized electron exhibits movement-contributing properties. Benzene can show the resonating structure.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To determine the exception of the octet rule.

Concept Introduction: The exception of the octet rule occurs first when there are an odd number of valence electrons.

Answer to Problem 124A

Nitric oxide

Explanation of Solution

Example of an exception to the octet rule: Nitric oxide (NO), also known as nitrogen (II) oxide. Since nitrogen has 5 valence electrons and oxygen has 6, making a total of 11 valence electrons are available for usage.