University Physics Volume 3
17th Edition
ISBN: 9781938168185
Author: William Moebs, Jeff Sanny
Publisher: OpenStax
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Textbook Question
Chapter 1, Problem 91CP
Consider sunlight entering Earth’s atmosphere at sunrise and sunset—that is, at
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Fiber optics are an important part of our modern internet. In these fibers, two different glasses are used to confine the light by total internal reflection at the critical angle for the interface between the core (ncore = 1.482 ) and the cladding (ncladding = 1.44).
Suppose you wanted the largest angle at which total internal reflection occurred to be θmax = 5 degrees. What index of refraction does the cladding need if the core is unchanged?
The figure below shows the path of a beam of light through several layers with different indices of refraction. (Assume n = 1.02.)
e₁
n = 1.60
02
n = 1.40
n = 1.20
MA
(a) If ₁ = 28.0°, what is the angle 2 of the emerging beam?
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1
(b) What is the smallest incident angle ₁ to have total internal reflection at the surface between the medium with n = 1.20 and the medium with
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= 1.02?
In the figure, a double-glazed window consists of two identical panes of glass (ng = 1.40), each yg = 12.0 mm thick, separated by an air gap of ya = 9.60 mm. Use na = 1.00 for the index of refraction of air.
If light incident on the glass makes an angle of 40.00 with respect to the glass, find the shift in path as the light enters the room
Chapter 1 Solutions
University Physics Volume 3
Ch. 1 - Check Your Understanding Table 1.1 shows that...Ch. 1 - Check Your Understanding In Table 1.1, the solid...Ch. 1 - Check Your Understanding At the surface between...Ch. 1 - Check Your Understanding In the preceding example....Ch. 1 - Check Your Understanding in Example 1.6, we had...Ch. 1 - Check Your Understanding Although we did no...Ch. 1 - Check Your Understanding What happens at...Ch. 1 - Under what conditions can light be modeled like a...Ch. 1 - Why is the index of refraction always greater than...Ch. 1 - Does the fact that the light flash from lightning...
Ch. 1 - Speculate as to s1at physical process might be...Ch. 1 - Using the law of reflection, explain how powder...Ch. 1 - Diffusion by reflection from a rough surface is...Ch. 1 - Will 1igt change direction toward or away from the...Ch. 1 - Exp1ain why an object in water always appears to...Ch. 1 - Explain why a person’s legs appear very short when...Ch. 1 - Explain why an oar that is partially submerged in...Ch. 1 - A ring with a colorless gemstone is dropped into...Ch. 1 - The most common type of mirage is an illusion that...Ch. 1 - How can you use total internal reflection to...Ch. 1 - Is it possible that total internal reflection...Ch. 1 - A high-quality diamond may be quite clear and...Ch. 1 - How do wave effects depend on the size of the...Ch. 1 - Does Huygens’s principle apply to all types of...Ch. 1 - If diffraction is observed for some phenomenon, it...Ch. 1 - Can a sound wave in air be polarized? Explain.Ch. 1 - No light passes through two perfect polarizing...Ch. 1 - Explain what happens to the energy carried by...Ch. 1 - When particles scattering light are much smaller...Ch. 1 - Using the information given in the preceding...Ch. 1 - When light is reflected at Brewster’s angle from a...Ch. 1 - If you lie on a beach looking at the water with...Ch. 1 - What is the speed of light in water? In glycerine?Ch. 1 - What is the speed of light in air? In crown glass?Ch. 1 - Calculate the index of refraction for a medium in...Ch. 1 - In what substance in Table 1.1 is the speed of...Ch. 1 - There was a major collision of an asteroid with...Ch. 1 - Components of some computers communicate with each...Ch. 1 - Compare the time it takes for light to travel 1000...Ch. 1 - How far does light travel underwater during a time...Ch. 1 - Suppose a man stands in front of a mm-or as show...Ch. 1 - Show that when light reflects from two mirrors...Ch. 1 - On the Moon’s surface, lunar astronauts placed a...Ch. 1 - A flat mirror Is neither converging nor diverging....Ch. 1 - A light beam in air has an angle of incidence of...Ch. 1 - A light beam in air is incident on the surface of...Ch. 1 - When a light ray crosses from water into glass, it...Ch. 1 - A pencil flashlight submerged in water sends a...Ch. 1 - Light rays from the Sun make a 30° angle to the...Ch. 1 - The path of a light beam in air goes from an angle...Ch. 1 - A scuba diver training in a pool looks at his...Ch. 1 - (a) Using information in the preceding problem,...Ch. 1 - Verify that the critical angle for light going...Ch. 1 - (a) At the end of Example 1.4, it was stated that...Ch. 1 - An optical fiber uses flint glass clad with crown...Ch. 1 - At that minimum angle will you get total internal...Ch. 1 - Suppose you are using total internal reflection to...Ch. 1 - You can determine the index of refraction of a...Ch. 1 - A ray of light, emitted beneath the surface of an...Ch. 1 - Light rays fall normally on the vertical surface...Ch. 1 - (a) What is the ratio of the speed of red light to...Ch. 1 - A beam of white light goes from air into water at...Ch. 1 - By how much do the critical angles for red (660...Ch. 1 - (a) A narrow beam of light containing yellow (580...Ch. 1 - A parallel beam of light containing orange (610...Ch. 1 - A ray of 610-nm light goes from air into fused...Ch. 1 - A narrow beam of light containing red (660 nm) and...Ch. 1 - A narrow beam of white light enters a prism made...Ch. 1 - What angle is needed between the direction of...Ch. 1 - The angle been the axes of two polarizing filters...Ch. 1 - Two polarizing sheets P1 and P2 are placed...Ch. 1 - Suppose that in the preceding problem the light...Ch. 1 - If you have completely polarized light of...Ch. 1 - What angle would the axis of a polarizing filter...Ch. 1 - At the end of Example 17, it was stated that the...Ch. 1 - Show that if you have three polarizing filters,...Ch. 1 - Three polarizing sheets are placed together such...Ch. 1 - In order to rotate the polarization axis of a beam...Ch. 1 - It is found that when light traveling in water...Ch. 1 - At what angle ill lig1t reflected from diamond be...Ch. 1 - What is Brewster’s angle for light traveling in...Ch. 1 - A scuba diver sees light reflected from the...Ch. 1 - From his measurements, Roemer estimated that it...Ch. 1 - Cornu performed Fizeau’s measurement of the speed...Ch. 1 - Suppose you have an unknown clear substance...Ch. 1 - Shown below is a ray of light going from air...Ch. 1 - Considering the previous problem, show that 3is...Ch. 1 - At what angle is light inside crown glass...Ch. 1 - Light reflected at 55.6° from a window is...Ch. 1 - (a) Light reflected at 62.5° from a gemstone in a...Ch. 1 - If bis Brewster’s angle for light reflected from...Ch. 1 - Unreasonable results Suppose light travels from...Ch. 1 - Unreasonable results Light traveling from water to...Ch. 1 - If a polarizing filter reduces the intensity of...Ch. 1 - Suppose you put on two pairs of polarizing...Ch. 1 - (a) On a day when the intensity of sunlight is...Ch. 1 - Light shows staged with lasers use moving mirrors...Ch. 1 - Consider sunlight entering Earth’s atmosphere at...Ch. 1 - A light ray entering an optical fiber surrounded...Ch. 1 - A light ray falls on the left face of a prism (see...Ch. 1 - If the apex angle in the previous problem is 20.0°...Ch. 1 - The light incident on polarizing sheet P1is...Ch. 1 - Prove that if I is the intensity of light...
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- Light traveling in a medium of index of refraction n1 is incident on another medium having an index of refraction n2. Under which of the following conditions can total internal reflection occur at the interface of the two media? (a) The indices of refraction have the relation n2 n1. (b) The indices of refraction have the relation n1 n2. (c) Light travels slower in the second medium than in the first. (d) The angle of incidence is less than the critical angle. (e) The angle of incidence must equal the angle of refraction.arrow_forwardLight is incident on a prism as shown in Figure P38.31. The prism, an equilateral triangle, is made of plastic with an index of refraction of 1.46 for red light and 1.49 for blue light. Assume the apex angle of the prism is 60.00. a. Sketch the approximate paths of the rays for red and blue light as they travel through and then exit the prism. b. Determine the measure of dispersion, the angle between the red and blue rays that exit the prism. Figure P38.31arrow_forwardA light ray is incident on an interface between water (n = 1.333) and air (n = 1.0002926) from within the air. If the angle of incidence in the air is 30.0, what is the angle of the refracted ray in the water?arrow_forward
- How can you use total internal reflection to estimate the index of refraction of a medium?arrow_forwardK A light ray with a wavelength of 589 nanometers (produced by a sodium lamp) traveling through air makes an angle of = to find the angle of refraction, V2 sin 0₁ V₁ y incidence of 55° on a smooth, flat slab of dense flint glass. Use Snell's Law, sin 02 where the index of refraction is 1.66. ... The angle of refraction is approximately degrees. (Type an integer or decimal rounded to two decimal places as needed.)arrow_forwardA ray of light travels from glass to air with an incident angle of 37° from the normal. What is the refraction angle? Assume nglass= 1.50 and nair = 1.00.arrow_forward
- The index of refraction for a certain type of glass is 1.641 for blue light and 1.603 for red light. A beam of white light (one that contains all colors) enters a plate of glass from the air, nair x 1, at an incidence angle of 35.05°. What is the absolute value of ő, the angle in the glass between blue and red parts of the refracted beams? |8| =arrow_forwardYou have a beaker with a layer of olive oil floating on top of water. A ray of light travels through the oil and is incident on the water with an angle of 75.2°. Using the index of refraction of the oil as 1.470 and the index of refraction of water as 1.333, determine the critical angle in oil for the oil-water interface. Oc = Determine if the ray of light refracts into the water or reflects off the oil-water interface back into the oil. O refracts into the water O reflects back into the oilarrow_forwardYour answer is partially correct. The figure shows an optical fiber in which a central plastic core of index of refraction n, = 1.60 is surrounded by a plastic sheath of index of refraction n2 = 1.52. Light can travel along different paths within the central core, leading to different travel times through the fiber. This causes an initially short pulse of light to spread as it travels along the fiber, resulting in information loss. Consider light that travels directly along the central axis of the fiber and light that is repeatedly reflected at the critical angle along the core-sheath interface, reflecting from side to side as it travels down the central core. If the fiber length is 370 m, what is the difference in the travel times along these two routes? NUmber i 98.7 Units nsarrow_forward
- What is the critical angle for light traveling in a polystyrene (a type of plastic) pipe surrounded by air? The index of refraction for polystyrene is 1.49arrow_forwardA ray of red light, for which n = 1.54, and a ray of violet light, for which n = 1.59, travel through a piece of glass. They meet right at the boundary between the glass and the air, and emerge into the air as one ray with an angle of refraction of 22.5°. What is the angle between the two rays in the glass?arrow_forwardA light beam strikes a piece of glass with an incident angle of 45.00°. The beam contains two colors: 450.0 nm and an unknown wavelength. The index of refraction for the 450.0-nm light is 1.482. Assume the glass is surrounded by air, which has an index of refraction of 1.000. Determine the index of refraction n, for the unknown wavelength if its refraction angle is 0.6950° greater than that of the 450.0 nm light.arrow_forward
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