University Physics Volume 3
17th Edition
ISBN: 9781938168185
Author: William Moebs, Jeff Sanny
Publisher: OpenStax
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Textbook Question
Chapter 1, Problem 2CQ
Why is the index of refraction always greater than or equal to 1?
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The index of refraction for water is about 4/3. What happens to light when it travels
from air to water?
Its speed decreases to 3c/4, and its wavelength decreases by a factor of 3/4
Its speed decreases to 3c/4 and its wavelength increases by a factor of 4/3.
Its speed increases to 4c/3, and its frequency decreases by a factor of 3/4.
Its speed decreases to 3c/4, and its frequency increases b 4/3.
A catfish is 1.8 m below the surface of a smooth lake. (a) What is the diameter of the circle on the surface through which the fish can see the world outside the water? (b) If the fish descends, does the diameter of the circle increase, decrease, or remain the same? Assume that the index of refraction of water is 1.333.
Chapter 1 Solutions
University Physics Volume 3
Ch. 1 - Check Your Understanding Table 1.1 shows that...Ch. 1 - Check Your Understanding In Table 1.1, the solid...Ch. 1 - Check Your Understanding At the surface between...Ch. 1 - Check Your Understanding In the preceding example....Ch. 1 - Check Your Understanding in Example 1.6, we had...Ch. 1 - Check Your Understanding Although we did no...Ch. 1 - Check Your Understanding What happens at...Ch. 1 - Under what conditions can light be modeled like a...Ch. 1 - Why is the index of refraction always greater than...Ch. 1 - Does the fact that the light flash from lightning...
Ch. 1 - Speculate as to s1at physical process might be...Ch. 1 - Using the law of reflection, explain how powder...Ch. 1 - Diffusion by reflection from a rough surface is...Ch. 1 - Will 1igt change direction toward or away from the...Ch. 1 - Exp1ain why an object in water always appears to...Ch. 1 - Explain why a person’s legs appear very short when...Ch. 1 - Explain why an oar that is partially submerged in...Ch. 1 - A ring with a colorless gemstone is dropped into...Ch. 1 - The most common type of mirage is an illusion that...Ch. 1 - How can you use total internal reflection to...Ch. 1 - Is it possible that total internal reflection...Ch. 1 - A high-quality diamond may be quite clear and...Ch. 1 - How do wave effects depend on the size of the...Ch. 1 - Does Huygens’s principle apply to all types of...Ch. 1 - If diffraction is observed for some phenomenon, it...Ch. 1 - Can a sound wave in air be polarized? Explain.Ch. 1 - No light passes through two perfect polarizing...Ch. 1 - Explain what happens to the energy carried by...Ch. 1 - When particles scattering light are much smaller...Ch. 1 - Using the information given in the preceding...Ch. 1 - When light is reflected at Brewster’s angle from a...Ch. 1 - If you lie on a beach looking at the water with...Ch. 1 - What is the speed of light in water? In glycerine?Ch. 1 - What is the speed of light in air? In crown glass?Ch. 1 - Calculate the index of refraction for a medium in...Ch. 1 - In what substance in Table 1.1 is the speed of...Ch. 1 - There was a major collision of an asteroid with...Ch. 1 - Components of some computers communicate with each...Ch. 1 - Compare the time it takes for light to travel 1000...Ch. 1 - How far does light travel underwater during a time...Ch. 1 - Suppose a man stands in front of a mm-or as show...Ch. 1 - Show that when light reflects from two mirrors...Ch. 1 - On the Moon’s surface, lunar astronauts placed a...Ch. 1 - A flat mirror Is neither converging nor diverging....Ch. 1 - A light beam in air has an angle of incidence of...Ch. 1 - A light beam in air is incident on the surface of...Ch. 1 - When a light ray crosses from water into glass, it...Ch. 1 - A pencil flashlight submerged in water sends a...Ch. 1 - Light rays from the Sun make a 30° angle to the...Ch. 1 - The path of a light beam in air goes from an angle...Ch. 1 - A scuba diver training in a pool looks at his...Ch. 1 - (a) Using information in the preceding problem,...Ch. 1 - Verify that the critical angle for light going...Ch. 1 - (a) At the end of Example 1.4, it was stated that...Ch. 1 - An optical fiber uses flint glass clad with crown...Ch. 1 - At that minimum angle will you get total internal...Ch. 1 - Suppose you are using total internal reflection to...Ch. 1 - You can determine the index of refraction of a...Ch. 1 - A ray of light, emitted beneath the surface of an...Ch. 1 - Light rays fall normally on the vertical surface...Ch. 1 - (a) What is the ratio of the speed of red light to...Ch. 1 - A beam of white light goes from air into water at...Ch. 1 - By how much do the critical angles for red (660...Ch. 1 - (a) A narrow beam of light containing yellow (580...Ch. 1 - A parallel beam of light containing orange (610...Ch. 1 - A ray of 610-nm light goes from air into fused...Ch. 1 - A narrow beam of light containing red (660 nm) and...Ch. 1 - A narrow beam of white light enters a prism made...Ch. 1 - What angle is needed between the direction of...Ch. 1 - The angle been the axes of two polarizing filters...Ch. 1 - Two polarizing sheets P1 and P2 are placed...Ch. 1 - Suppose that in the preceding problem the light...Ch. 1 - If you have completely polarized light of...Ch. 1 - What angle would the axis of a polarizing filter...Ch. 1 - At the end of Example 17, it was stated that the...Ch. 1 - Show that if you have three polarizing filters,...Ch. 1 - Three polarizing sheets are placed together such...Ch. 1 - In order to rotate the polarization axis of a beam...Ch. 1 - It is found that when light traveling in water...Ch. 1 - At what angle ill lig1t reflected from diamond be...Ch. 1 - What is Brewster’s angle for light traveling in...Ch. 1 - A scuba diver sees light reflected from the...Ch. 1 - From his measurements, Roemer estimated that it...Ch. 1 - Cornu performed Fizeau’s measurement of the speed...Ch. 1 - Suppose you have an unknown clear substance...Ch. 1 - Shown below is a ray of light going from air...Ch. 1 - Considering the previous problem, show that 3is...Ch. 1 - At what angle is light inside crown glass...Ch. 1 - Light reflected at 55.6° from a window is...Ch. 1 - (a) Light reflected at 62.5° from a gemstone in a...Ch. 1 - If bis Brewster’s angle for light reflected from...Ch. 1 - Unreasonable results Suppose light travels from...Ch. 1 - Unreasonable results Light traveling from water to...Ch. 1 - If a polarizing filter reduces the intensity of...Ch. 1 - Suppose you put on two pairs of polarizing...Ch. 1 - (a) On a day when the intensity of sunlight is...Ch. 1 - Light shows staged with lasers use moving mirrors...Ch. 1 - Consider sunlight entering Earth’s atmosphere at...Ch. 1 - A light ray entering an optical fiber surrounded...Ch. 1 - A light ray falls on the left face of a prism (see...Ch. 1 - If the apex angle in the previous problem is 20.0°...Ch. 1 - The light incident on polarizing sheet P1is...Ch. 1 - Prove that if I is the intensity of light...
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- The index of refraction for water is about 43. What happens as a beam of light travels from air into water? (a) Its speed increases to 43c, and its frequency decreases. (b) Its speed decreases to 34c, and its wavelength decreases by a factor of 34. (c) Its speed decreases to 34c, and its wavelength increases by a factor of 43. (d) Its speed and frequency remain the same. (e) Its speed decreases to 34c, and its frequency increases.arrow_forwardHow can you use total internal reflection to estimate the index of refraction of a medium?arrow_forwardLight passes from a material with index of refraction 1.3 into one with index of refraction 1.2. Compared with the incident ray, what happens to the refracted ray? (a) It bends toward the normal. (b) It is undeflected. (c) It bends away from the normal.arrow_forward
- Light traveling in a medium of index of refraction n1 is incident on another medium having an index of refraction n2. Under which of the following conditions can total internal reflection occur at the interface of the two media? (a) The indices of refraction have the relation n2 n1. (b) The indices of refraction have the relation n1 n2. (c) Light travels slower in the second medium than in the first. (d) The angle of incidence is less than the critical angle. (e) The angle of incidence must equal the angle of refraction.arrow_forwardWhat happens to a light wave when it travels from air into glass? (a) Its speed remains the same. (b) Its speed increases. (c) Its wavelength increases. (d) Its wavelength remains the same. (e) Its frequency remains the same.arrow_forwardThe end of a solid glass rod of refractive index 1.50 is polished to have the shape of a hemispherical surface of radius 1.0 cm. A small object is placed in air (refractive index 1.00) on the axis 5.0 cm to the left of the vertex. Determine the position of the image.arrow_forward
- A 4.00-m-long pole stands vertically in a freshwater lake having a depth of 2.00 m. The Sun is 40.0° above the horizontal. Determine the length of the pole’s shadow on the bottom of the lake.arrow_forwardFor specular reflection, what is the situation with an angle of incidence of (a) 0 and (b) 90?arrow_forwardKEY TERMS 1. reflection (7.1) 2. ray 3. law of reflection 4. specular reflection 5. diffuse reflection 6. refraction (7.2) 7. index of refraction 8. total internal reflection 9. dispersion 10. focal length (7.3) 11. concave (converging) mirror 12. convex (diverging) mirror 13. real image 14. virtual image 15. converging lens (7.4) 16. diverging lens 17. polarization (7.5) 18. linearly polarized light 19. diffraction (7.6) 20. principle of superposition 21. constructive interference 22. destructive interference For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. h. _____ A change in the direction of light at a surfacearrow_forward
- KEY TERMS 1. reflection (7.1) 2. ray 3. law of reflection 4. specular reflection 5. diffuse reflection 6. refraction (7.2) 7. index of refraction 8. total internal reflection 9. dispersion 10. focal length (7.3) 11. concave (converging) mirror 12. convex (diverging) mirror 13. real image 14. virtual image 15. converging lens (7.4) 16. diverging lens 17. polarization (7.5) 18. linearly polarized light 19. diffraction (7.6) 20. principle of superposition 21. constructive interference 22. destructive interference For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. b. _____ i = rarrow_forwardLight enters a prism of crown glass and refracts at an angle of 5.00 with respect to the normal at the interface. The crown glass has a mean index of refraction of 1.51. It is combined with one flint glass prism (n = 1.65) to produce no net deviation. a. Find the apex angle of the flint glass. b. Assume the index of refraction for violet light (v = 430 nm) is nv = 1.528 and the index of refraction for red light (r = 768 nm) is nr = 1.511 for crown glass. For flint glass using the same wavelengths, nv = 1.665 and nr = 1.645. Find the net dispersion.arrow_forwardConsider a beam of light from the left entering a prism of apex angle as shown in Figure P34.34. Two angles of incidence, 1, and 3, are shown as Hell as two angles of refraction, 2 and 4. Show that = 1 + 3. Figure P34.34arrow_forward
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