Chapter 1, Problem 1.134EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structural formula for all the possible monobrominated products obtained from halogenation of propane has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Alkanes are linear chain saturated hydrocarbons.  The reactivity of alkanes are very less.  They can be heated for a very long time in strong acids and bases without any reaction.  Even strong reducing and strong oxidizing agents have less effect on alkanes.

Alkanes are not completely inert.  Two important reactions that alkanes undergo are combustion and halogenation.

Combustion reaction is the one where reaction occurs between substance and oxygen which proceeds with evolution of light and heat.  Due to the heat produced when alkanes are made to undergo combustion with oxygen, it is used as fuel.

Halogenation is a chemical reaction between a substance and halogen.  The product of halogenation reaction is that one or more halogens are incorporated into molecules of the substance.  Halogenation of hydrocarbon gives hydrocarbon derivatives as product where halogen atoms are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms.

Halogenation reaction of alkane is an example of substitution reaction.  This is a reaction where a part of reacting molecule replaces an atom or group of atoms in hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon derivative.

Cycloalkanes are also similar to those of alkanes.  Cycloalkanes also undergo combustion and halogenation reaction.

Answer to Problem 1.134EP

The monobrominated products of propane are,

Explanation of Solution

Halogenation is a chemical reaction between a substance and halogen.  The product of halogenation reaction is that one or more halogens are incorporated into molecules of the substance.  Halogenation of hydrocarbon gives hydrocarbon derivatives as product where halogen atoms are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms.

Halogenation reaction of alkane is an example of substitution reaction.  This is a reaction where a part of reacting molecule replaces an atom or group of atoms in hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon derivative.

General reaction for halogenation of alkane can be given as shown below,

    $\begin{array}{l}\text{R}-\text{H}+{\text{X}}_{\text{2}}\stackrel{\text{halogenation}}{\to }\text{R}-\text{X}+\text{H}-\text{X}\\ \text{alkane}\text{halogen}\text{alkyl halide}\text{hydrogen halide}\end{array}$

The halogenation reaction takes place giving a mixture of products where the hydrogen atoms present in the alkane are substituted randomly.

Given alkane is propane.  Two kinds of hydrogen is present in propane.  Therefore, bromination of propane will lead to two monobrominated product as shown below,

Conclusion

The structural formula for monobrominated product of propane was drawn.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structural formula for all the possible monobrominated products obtained from halogenation of pentane has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Alkanes are linear chain saturated hydrocarbons.  The reactivity of alkanes are very less.  They can be heated for a very long time in strong acids and bases without any reaction.  Even strong reducing and strong oxidizing agents have less effect on alkanes.

Alkanes are not completely inert.  Two important reactions that alkanes undergo are combustion and halogenation.

Combustion reaction is the one where reaction occurs between substance and oxygen which proceeds with evolution of light and heat.  Due to the heat produced when alkanes are made to undergo combustion with oxygen, it is used as fuel.

Halogenation is a chemical reaction between a substance and halogen.  The product of halogenation reaction is that one or more halogens are incorporated into molecules of the substance.  Halogenation of hydrocarbon gives hydrocarbon derivatives as product where halogen atoms are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms.

Halogenation reaction of alkane is an example of substitution reaction.  This is a reaction where a part of reacting molecule replaces an atom or group of atoms in hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon derivative.

Cycloalkanes are also similar to those of alkanes.  Cycloalkanes also undergo combustion and halogenation reaction.

Answer to Problem 1.134EP

The monobrominated products of pentane are,

Explanation of Solution

Halogenation is a chemical reaction between a substance and halogen.  The product of halogenation reaction is that one or more halogens are incorporated into molecules of the substance.  Halogenation of hydrocarbon gives hydrocarbon derivatives as product where halogen atoms are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms.

Halogenation reaction of alkane is an example of substitution reaction.  This is a reaction where a part of reacting molecule replaces an atom or group of atoms in hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon derivative.

General reaction for halogenation of alkane can be given as shown below,

    $\begin{array}{l}\text{R}-\text{H}+{\text{X}}_{\text{2}}\stackrel{\text{halogenation}}{\to }\text{R}-\text{X}+\text{H}-\text{X}\\ \text{alkane}\text{halogen}\text{alkyl halide}\text{hydrogen halide}\end{array}$

The halogenation reaction takes place giving a mixture of products where the hydrogen atoms present in the alkane are substituted randomly.

Given alkane is pentane.  Three kinds of hydrogen atoms are present in pentane.  Therefore, bromination of pentane will lead to three monobrominated product as shown below,

Conclusion

The structural formula for monobrominated products of pentane was drawn.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structural formula for all the possible monobrominated products obtained from halogenation of 2-methylbutane has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Alkanes are linear chain saturated hydrocarbons.  The reactivity of alkanes are very less.  They can be heated for a very long time in strong acids and bases without any reaction.  Even strong reducing and strong oxidizing agents have less effect on alkanes.

Alkanes are not completely inert.  Two important reactions that alkanes undergo are combustion and halogenation.

Combustion reaction is the one where reaction occurs between substance and oxygen which proceeds with evolution of light and heat.  Due to the heat produced when alkanes are made to undergo combustion with oxygen, it is used as fuel.

Halogenation is a chemical reaction between a substance and halogen.  The product of halogenation reaction is that one or more halogens are incorporated into molecules of the substance.  Halogenation of hydrocarbon gives hydrocarbon derivatives as product where halogen atoms are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms.

Halogenation reaction of alkane is an example of substitution reaction.  This is a reaction where a part of reacting molecule replaces an atom or group of atoms in hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon derivative.

Cycloalkanes are also similar to those of alkanes.  Cycloalkanes also undergo combustion and halogenation reaction.

Answer to Problem 1.134EP

The monobrominated products of 2-methylbutane are,

Explanation of Solution

Halogenation is a chemical reaction between a substance and halogen.  The product of halogenation reaction is that one or more halogens are incorporated into molecules of the substance.  Halogenation of hydrocarbon gives hydrocarbon derivatives as product where halogen atoms are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms.

Halogenation reaction of alkane is an example of substitution reaction.  This is a reaction where a part of reacting molecule replaces an atom or group of atoms in hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon derivative.

General reaction for halogenation of alkane can be given as shown below,

    $\begin{array}{l}\text{R}-\text{H}+{\text{X}}_{\text{2}}\stackrel{\text{halogenation}}{\to }\text{R}-\text{X}+\text{H}-\text{X}\\ \text{alkane}\text{halogen}\text{alkyl halide}\text{hydrogen halide}\end{array}$

The halogenation reaction takes place giving a mixture of products where the hydrogen atoms present in the alkane are substituted randomly.

Given alkane is 2-methylbutane.  Four kinds of hydrogen atoms are present in 2-methylbutane.  Therefore, bromination of 2-methylbutane will lead to four monobrominated product as shown below,

Conclusion

The structural formula for monobrominated products of 2-methylbutane was drawn.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structural formula for all the possible monobrominated products obtained from halogenation of cyclohexane has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Alkanes are linear chain saturated hydrocarbons.  The reactivity of alkanes are very less.  They can be heated for a very long time in strong acids and bases without any reaction.  Even strong reducing and strong oxidizing agents have less effect on alkanes.

Alkanes are not completely inert.  Two important reactions that alkanes undergo are combustion and halogenation.

Combustion reaction is the one where reaction occurs between substance and oxygen which proceeds with evolution of light and heat.  Due to the heat produced when alkanes are made to undergo combustion with oxygen, it is used as fuel.

Halogenation is a chemical reaction between a substance and halogen.  The product of halogenation reaction is that one or more halogens are incorporated into molecules of the substance.  Halogenation of hydrocarbon gives hydrocarbon derivatives as product where halogen atoms are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms.

Halogenation reaction of alkane is an example of substitution reaction.  This is a reaction where a part of reacting molecule replaces an atom or group of atoms in hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon derivative.

Cycloalkanes are also similar to those of alkanes.  Cycloalkanes also undergo combustion and halogenation reaction.

Answer to Problem 1.134EP

The monobrominated products of cyclohexane is,

Explanation of Solution

Halogenation is a chemical reaction between a substance and halogen.  The product of halogenation reaction is that one or more halogens are incorporated into molecules of the substance.  Halogenation of hydrocarbon gives hydrocarbon derivatives as product where halogen atoms are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms.

Halogenation reaction of alkane is an example of substitution reaction.  This is a reaction where a part of reacting molecule replaces an atom or group of atoms in hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon derivative.

General reaction for halogenation of alkane can be given as shown below,

    $\begin{array}{l}\text{R}-\text{H}+{\text{X}}_{\text{2}}\stackrel{\text{halogenation}}{\to }\text{R}-\text{X}+\text{H}-\text{X}\\ \text{alkane}\text{halogen}\text{alkyl halide}\text{hydrogen halide}\end{array}$

The halogenation reaction takes place giving a mixture of products where the hydrogen atoms present in the alkane are substituted randomly.

Given cycloalkane is cyclohexane.  Only one kind of hydrogen is present in cyclohexane.  Therefore, bromination of cyclohexane will lead to the same monobrominated product as shown below,

Conclusion

The structural formula for monobrominated product of cyclohexane was drawn.