**Title: Effects of DNA Mutations on Protein Function****Introduction:**The cell's functionality can be disrupted due to incorrect protein synthesis caused by mutations in the DNA sequence. Let's analyze the potential issues arising from several mutations and examine their effects.**Normal and Mutant Sequences:**- **Normal DNA Sequence:** 5’ GCGATGCCCTAGGTATAG 3’- **Mutant Sequences:** - **a.** 5’ GCGATGGCCCTAGGTATGA 3’ - **b.** 5’ GAGATGCCCTAGGTATGA 3’ - **c.** 5’ GCGATGCCATAGGTATGA 3’**Analysis of Mutations:**1. **Mutant a:** Insertion of an additional 'G' nucleotide in the sequence.2. **Mutant b:** Substitution of 'G' with 'A' at the start.3. **Mutant c:** Substitution of 'C' with 'A' within the sequence.**Understanding the Codon Chart:**The chart provided, known as the genetic codon table, translates RNA codons into corresponding amino acids. Each triplet of nucleotides, or codon, signifies a specific amino acid or a stop signal during protein synthesis.- **Columns and Rows:** Initiate with the first nucleotide (5' end) to determine the row, followed by the second nucleotide defining the column, and the third nucleotide specifying the individual cell within the table.**Graph Explanation:**The diagram is a codon table that helps translate mRNA into amino acids. It includes all possible codons, categorized into groups corresponding to specific amino acids or stop signals. Towards simplifying mutation analysis:- Codons containing 'U' are often start or stop signals.- Each letter (A, G, C, U) indicates a different nucleotide.**Conclusion:**By interpreting the mutations using the codon table, we see how each mutational change affects the protein's final amino acid sequence. Changes in amino acid sequences alter protein function, potentially causing disruptions or malfunctions in cellular activities. Further research or laboratory validation would confirm specific functional phenomena resulting from these mutations.

DNA ( deoxyribonucleic and) is a genetic material in most of the organism that appear as two stranded , helical , ladder like structure. Two strands of DNA are :- I ) Coding strand :- This strand reads in 5' to 3' direction . II) Template strand :- This strand reads in 3' to 5' direction .Original coding strand of DNA is as :- 5' - GCGATGCCCTAGGTATGA - 3' Now , coding strand is similar to mRNA strand but thymine is replaced by uracil in mRNA. mRNA sequence will be as :- 5' - GCG AUG CCC UAG GUA UGA - 3' mRNA comprises of three nucleotide sequence known as codon which code for particular amino acid . Amino acid sequence will be as :- N' - Ala - Met - Pro - Stop - C' ( a ) Mutant strand of DNA will be :- 5' - GCG ATG GCC TAG GTA TGA - 3' mRNA strand will be:- 5' - GCG - AUG - GCC - UAG - 3" Amino acid sequence will be:- N' - Ala - Met - Ala - Stop - C' In this , first cytosine in the third codon is reolaced by guanine . So , change in one nucleotide base results in alteration of amino acid from proline to alanine . This type of mutation is Missense mutation. Since , amino acid sequence is altered , so non - functional proteins will be formed . b ) Mutant strand of DNA will be ;- 5' - GAGATGCCCTAGGTATGA - 3' mRNA strand will be :- 5' - GAG AUG CCC UAG - 3' Second cytosine present in original coding strand is replaced by adenine. But , translation always begins with AUG . Amino acid sequence will be :- N' - Met - Pro - Stop - C' This mutant amino acid sequence clear matches with original amino acid sequence. So , change in base does not cause any alteration in amino acid sequence.So , it is a type of silent mutation. Since , amino acid will not altered ; accordingly , functional protein will be formed .c ) Mutant strand of DNA is as :- 5' - GCGATGCCATAGGTATGA- 3' mRNA strand will be as :- 5' - GCG AUG CCA UAG GUA UGA - 3' Amino acid sequence will be:- N' - Met - Pro - Stop - C' Now , third cytosine in the third codon is replaced by adenine in mutant DNA . CCC codes for proline while CCA also codes for proline . There is no change in amino acid sequence. So , type of mutation is silent ent mutation and this results in synthesis of functional proteins .