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- What is a justification for a hypothesis stating that copper ion is the necessary cofactor in the catechol oxidase reaction? In other words, what evidence based on observation is there to support this claim? Hints: Citric Acid and EDTA bind to copper ions to inhibit cofactor ability. In the catechol oxidase reaction, benzoquinone is produced. What does benzoquinone do in fruits and plants? How does it preserve food? Does citric acid have this same effect?What are some of the difficulties in extracting respiratory complexes from the inner mitochondrial membrane to investigate their properties?Focusing on the mechanism linking complex I and ATP synthase depicted in figure 3 in the article, compare that hypothetical mechanism to the classical presentation described in our textbook. What are the major differences between this mechanism and Peter Mitchel’s original chemiosmotic theory? What are the similarities.
- What compounds are the immediate source of the "high energy electrons" that enter the electron transport system of mitochondria? Where do these electron-donating compounds gain their electrons? What type of compounds are these electron-donating compounds?Can you explain the options and How to come to the conclusion?Yeast cells lacking the electron transport system still have a weak membranepotential across the mitochondrial inner membrane. How do these cells generatea membrane potential?
- How does DCPIP act as an indicator of presence of mitochondria? Will mitochondria in the presence of DCPIP still make ATP? Why or why not?1 a) What is meant by the ATP currency exchange ratio? Why does the oxidation of mitochondrial FADH2 generate one less ATP than oxidation of mitochondrial NADH? b) If 12 H+ are moved across the inner mitochondrial membrane by NADH oxidation, and each ATP synthesized requires 3 H+ to move through ATP synthase, why are only 3 ATP molecules produced by oxidation of each NADH?The maintenance of a proton motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane is crucial for continued ATP production. Surprisingly, it has been discovered that the inner membranes of certain cells contain proteins, called uncoupling proteins, that are capable of transporting protons from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix. Why would mitochondria contain transporters that essentially waste energy potential in the proton gradient?
- Which of the following statements concerning the complete oxidation of FADH2 in the electron transport chain is NOT true? a. In the final step, electrons from cytochrome c to O2 reducing it to H2O in complex IV, and four protons are transported from the intermembrane space to the matrix. b. In the first step, electrons from FADH2 are transferred in complex II to ubiquinone, which does not transport any proton across the inner mitochondrion membrane. c. In the second step, complex III transfers the electrons from ubiquinone to cytochrome c, and four protons are transported from the matrix to the intermembrane space. d. The complete oxidation of FADH2 causes transfer of 6 protons and yields two ATP.Discuss the relationship between redox potentials E0’ and the organization of the components of the electron transport chain. Be specific, i.e., use data/actual values to back up your discussion. a) What are the values of E0’ for all the components of the ETS? b)How are the E0’ related to ∆G values? c) How do the values of E0’ vary among the participants in the ETS relative to their position in the ETS?Focusing on the mechanism linking complex I and ATP synthase depicted in figure 3 in the article, compare that hypothetical mechanism to the classical presentation described in textbooks. What are the major differences between this mechanism and Peter Mitchel’s original chemiosmotic theory? What are the similarities.