how are multicompartment models different from single compartment models in pharmacology? Specifically, what do they mean for drug concentration/distribution? Do single compartment models mean that the drug distributes throughout the entire body quickly and evenly? Or does it mean that a drug only distributes into the "central" compartment and not peripheral tissues/fluids, making any decrease in plasma levels the result of elimination? Also, what is mean't by "central compartment" anyway?
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how are multicompartment models different from single compartment models in pharmacology? Specifically, what do they mean for drug concentration/distribution? Do single compartment models mean that the drug distributes throughout the entire body quickly and evenly? Or does it mean that a drug only distributes into the "central" compartment and not peripheral tissues/fluids, making any decrease in plasma levels the result of elimination? Also, what is mean't by "central compartment" anyway?
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- Which of this is a limitation associated with conventional drug delivery systems? CHOICES: Lower effectiveness Ease of manufacturing Decreased side effects Spatial and temporal control Most of the recently developed biotechnological drugs are formulated into which dosage form? CHOICES: inhalation solutions parenteral capsules tablets topical The absorption of the ophthalmic drug does not depend on which of the following? CHOICES: Physicochemical properties of the permeating molecule Drainage of tears Output of tears Size of the eyeball Liposomal dosage forms are suited for which of the following routes of administration? (choose all that applies) CHOICES: parenteral topical oral None of the aboveWhat is an example of two drugs that produce a synergistic (also known as hyperadditive) effect? What is the concern about drugs that have synergistic effects? Note: you can describe the classes of drugs rather than using specific drug names.When researchers at the Best Southern University tested the Drug X (from a commercial source), it failed to lower blood cholesterol levels in mice. They emailed Dr. Meg A'Brain for some clarifications about the conditions of the Drug X administration; specifically, they wanted to know: Amount of Drug X administered Duration of administration Age, gender and number of mice Method of administration (mixed with food or in water, i.v. or i.p. injected) Dr. Meg A'Brain said, "Of course, please see attached publication from my lab" and attached the paper Dolt Colt & Meg A'Brain, Journal of Irreproducible Results (2018), 666, 1234-1240 Here is the information from the Methods section of the paper. Drug X was dissolved in DMSO and administered to male mice for 7 days. After 7 days, blood was withdrawn from the tail vein and cholesterol levels measured using a kit. The drug was administered for 7 days. What is this publication lacking? Question 4 options:…
- Which of the following systems receives major portions of a drug rapidly due to a high volume of drug flow : spine, kidney, muscles, or liver?Read the following scientific paper from J.K Aronson titled: Medication errors: what they are, how they happen, and how to avoid them QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, Volume 102, Issue 8, August 2009, Pages 513– 521, https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcp052 Focus on the following sections: Abstract One particular medication error Frequency and outcomes of medication errors Conclusion: a prescription for better prescribing Once you have done the reading: Prepare a 150-200 words reflection piece on the importance of Topic 1 measurements for future health care professionals as you. Base your reflection on the resources provided. Drug Dosage and Body mass Medication errors: what they are, how they happen, and how to avoid them) You are most welcome to do quick research on measurement errors in your desired field of practice too (Pharmacy, Paramedic, Nutrition, Health Science, Exercise Science, Physiotherapy etc). To help you out here are some questions to answer in your…Your doctor is determining which drug would best treat your ailment - a drug with a low dissociation constant and a few significant side effects or a drug with a high dissociation constant and many mild side effects. There's no perfect choice, so they go with the first choice. What does this mean for you? A) You'll need a relatively low dose of the drug to be effective and chances of side effects are low B) You'll need a relatively high dose of the drug but the chances of side effects are low. C) You'll need a relatively high dose of the drug but the side effects are not expected to be harmful D) You'll need a relatively low dose of the drug but the risk of side effects is high.
- Which of the following changes goes along with a decreased clearance and no change in volume of distribution? Please select one: a. shorter half-life, higher steady state concentration b. Increased initial concentration after an i.v. bolus, longer time to steady state c. Longer time to steady state, higher steady state concentration d. Longer time to steady state, lower steady state concentration e. longer time to steady state, shorter half-lifeDiscuss the structures any synthetic drug should initially pass through before acting on the central nervous system Elaborate the physiological processes involved and the necessity of these anatomical structures.What are some of the forces that control the strength of interaction between a drug and a receptor?
- Answer the following questions:1. If excipients do not have pharmacodynamic activity, how do excipients affect the performance of the drug product?2. What is meant by the rate-limiting step in drug bioavailability from a solid oral drug product?3. What is the usual rate-limiting step for a poorly soluble and highly permeable drug (BCS 2)?4. How could the manufacturing process affect drug product performance?5. Drug absorption involves at least three distinct steps: dissolution, permeation, and disposition during transit in GI (an additional step of drug disposition in the body is involved as well for bioavailability). How are these processes validated in vitro when the in vivo requirement for drug bioavailability is waived?6. What is meant by “sink” conditions?7. What physical or chemical properties of a drug substance are important in designing a drug for (a) oral administration or (b) parenteral administration?8. For a lipid-soluble drug that has very poor aqueous solubility, what…Drug absorption involves at least three distinct steps: dissolution, permeation, and disposition during transit in GI (an additional step of drug disposition in the body is involved as well for bioavailability). How are these processes validated in vitro when the in vivo requirement for drug bioavailability is waived?Kaurenoic acid is an active ingredient found in various plants, including stevia. Scientists investigated the pharmacokinetic profile of 50 mg/kg of kaurenoic acid in rats after intravenous (IV) vs oral administration. The plots below were obtained. Cp(mg/L) 25 20- 15- 10- 0 2 • 4 A 8 Cp(mg/L) 10 25- 20- 15- 6 6 Time (h) Time (h) Comparison of kaurenoic acid plasma decay (dose = 50 mg/kg). (A) Intravenous route. (B) Oral route. 10- 5- 0+ 0 4 B 8 10 The IV plot could be fitted by the equation: Cp = 28 exp(-1.2t) - where Cp (mg/L) is the plasma concentration and t (h) the time after administration of a 50 mg/kg single dose.