Problem 02 The drag force FD, on a sphere depends on the relative velocity V, sphere diameter D, the fluid density p, and the fluid viscosity μ. (a) Obtain a set of non-dimensional groups that can be used to correlate experimental data. (b) The Stokes solution (obtained in the limit of small relative velocities) states FD = 3πμDV Find the exact relationship between drag coefficient CD and Reynolds number Re. Note CD = (1/2)pV²(D²/4) 1
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- 5.13 The torque due to the frictional resistance of the oil film between a rotating shaft and its bearing is found to be dependent on the force F normal to the shaft, the speed of rotation N of the shaft, the dynamic viscosity of the oil, and the shaft diameter D. Establish a correlation among these variables by using dimensional analysis.A- Womersley number (a) of a human aorta is 20 and for the rabbit aorta is 17, the blood density is approximately the same across the species. The values of viscosity were 0.0035 Ns/m² for the human and 0.0040 Ns/m² for the rabbit. The diameter of the aorta is 2.0 cm for the man, and 0.7 cm for the rabbit, estimate the heart rate beats per minute (bpm) for both speciesA liquid of density ? and viscosity ? is pumped at volume flow rate V· through a pump of diameter D. The blades of the pump rotate at angular velocity ? . The pump supplies a pressure rise ΔP to the liquid. Using dimensional analysis, generate a dimensionless relationship for ΔP as a function of the other parameters in the problem. Identify any established nondimensional parameters that appear in your result. Hint: For consistency (and whenever possible), it is wise to choose a length, a density, and a velocity (or angular velocity) as repeating variables.
- The drag force on a submarine, which is moving on the surface, is to be determined by a test on a model which is scaled down to one-twentieth of the prototype. The test is to be carried in a towing tank, where the model submarine is moved along a channel of liquid. The density and the kinematic viscosity of the seawater are 1010 kg/m³ and 1.3x10-6 m 2/s, respectively. The speed of the prototype is 2.6 m/s. Assume that F = f(V, L. g. p.), using pi-theorem and similarity principle to: a) Determine the speed at which the model should be moved in the towing tank. b) Determine the kinematic viscosity of the liquid that should be used in the towing tank.Mott ." cometer, which we can analyze later in Chap. 7. A small ball of diameter D and density p, falls through a tube of test liquid (p. µ). The fall velocity V is calculated by the time to fall a measured distance. The formula for calculating the viscosity of the fluid is discusses a simple falling-ball vis- (Po – p)gD² 18 V This result is limited by the requirement that the Reynolds number (pVD/u) be less than 1.0. Suppose a steel ball (SG = 7.87) of diameter 2.2 mm falls in SAE 25W oil (SG = 0.88) at 20°C. The measured fall velocity is 8.4 cm/s. (a) What is the viscosity of the oil, in kg/m-s? (b) Is the Reynolds num- ber small enough for a valid estimate?The true option
- In the field of air pollution control, one often needs to sample the quality of a moving airstream. In such measurements a sampling probe is aligned with the flow as sketched in Fig. A suction pump draws air through the probe at volume flow rate V· as sketched. For accurate sampling, the air speed through the probe should be the same as that of the airstream (isokinetic sampling). However, if the applied suction is too large, as sketched in Fig, the air speed through the probe is greater than that of the airstream (super iso kinetic sampling). For simplicity consider a two-dimensional case in which the sampling probe height is h = 4.58 mm and its width is W = 39.5 mm. The values of the stream function corresponding to the lower and upper dividing streamlines are ?l = 0.093 m2/s and ?u = 0.150 m2/s, respectively. Calculate the volume flow rate through the probe (in units of m3/s) and the average speed of the air sucked through the probe.Q1: If an air stream flowing at velocity (U) pasta body of length (L) causes a drag force (F) on the body which depends only upon U, L, and fluid viscosity μ. Formulate the suitable dimensionless parameter of the air drag force.QUESTION 4 | (a) The Stokes number, S1, used in particle-dynamics studies is a dimensionless combination of five variables: acceleration of gravity g, viscosity µ, density p, particle velocity U, and particle diameter D. If St is propotional to u and inversely propotional to g, find its dimensionless form. (b) When tested in water at 20°C flowing at 2 m s'', an 8 cm diameter sphere has a measured drag force of 5 N. Determine the velocity and drag force on 1.5 m diameter weather balloon moored in sea-level standard air under dynamically similar conditions? (c) The power, W, generated by a certain windmill design depends upon its diameter, D, the air density, p, the wind velocity, V, the rotation speed, 2, and the number of blades n. By using velocity V, diameter D and density p as the repeating variables, prove the dimensionless relationship is given by W Ω pD?y³ Dyn
- A liquid of density ? and viscosity ? flows by gravity through a hole of diameter d in the bottom of a tank of diameter DFig. . At the start of the experiment, the liquid surface is at height h above the bottom of the tank, as sketched. The liquid exits the tank as a jet with average velocity V straight down as also sketched. Using dimensional analysis, generate a dimensionless relationship for V as a function of the other parameters in the problem. Identify any established nondimensional parameters that appear in your result. (Hint: There are three length scales in this problem. For consistency, choose h as your length scale.) except for a different dependent parameter, namely, the time required to empty the tank tempty. Generate a dimensionless relationship for tempty as a function of the following independent parameters: hole diameter d, tank diameter D, density ? , viscosity ? , initial liquid surface height h, and gravitational acceleration g.Consider a Falling Sphere Viscometer, which is used to measure the viscosity μ of a fluid by observing the terminal velocity of a heavy sphere (density Ps and diameter D) falling under gravity in a column of the fluid (density pf). (a) Use Dimensional Analysis to derive a formula for the drag force exerted on the sphere by the viscous fluid when it is moving at speed v through the fluid. (b) How is the terminal velocity of the sphere related to the fluid viscosity? (c) If the sphere starts from rest, use Dimensional Analysis to predict the timescale over which the sphere will reach its terminal velocity. Please use dimensiona analysis to solve the problem Answr for part a= Fd=KmuVD answer for part b=V=Fd/kmuD Please solve only for part C (part a and b no need to solve)and expalin in detail Thanks1. The Stokes-Oseen formula for drag force Fon a sphere of diameter D in a fluid stream of low velocity V, density p, and viscosity u is: 9T F = 3TuDV + 16PD? Is this formula dimensionally homogenous? 2. The efficiency n of a pump is defined as the (dimensionless) ratio of the power required to drive a pump: QAp input power Where Q is the volume rate of flow and Ap is the pressure rise produced by the pump. Suppose that a certain pump develops a pressure of Ibf/in? (1ft = 12 in) when its flow rate is 40 L/s (1L =0.001 m). If the input power is 16hp (1hp = 760 W), what is the efficiency?