Price et al. (1999. J. Bacteriol. 181: 2358–2362) conducted a genetic study of the toxin transport protein (PA) of Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax in humans. Within the 2294-nucleotide gene in 26 strains they identified five point mutations—two missense and three synonyms—among different isolates. Necropsy samples from an anthrax outbreak in 1979 revealed a novel missense mutation and five unique nucleotide changes among ten victims. The authors concluded that these data indicate little or no horizontal transfer between different B. anthracis strains. (a) Which types of nucleotide changes (missense or synonyms) cause amino acid changes? (b) What is meant by horizontal transfer? (c) On what basis did the authors conclude that evidence of horizontal transfer is absent from their data?

Q: In the course of a study on the effects of the mechanical shearing of DNA, Eugene Nester, A. T.…

A: Transformation is a genetic phenomenon in which a bacteria uptakes a naked gene from environment and…

Q: Are the normal and pathogenic strains of E.coli separate species

A: Escherichia coli is Gram-negative bacilli that are normally found in the intestines and the gut of…

Q: The wildtype sequence of a gene is the following: wt:          3' TAC AAA TCT AGC CCG 5'  and the…

A: We'll look at three distinct mutations that were discovered in a wild-type gene sequence in this…

Q: Robert Bost and Richard Cribbs studied a strain of E. coli (araB14) that possessed a nonsense…

A: Mutations are defined as the change in the sequence of DNA of an organism due to any environmental…

Q: The Biofuels industry is interested in engineering bacteria so that they may produce fuels such as…

A: A protein known as σS (sigma S) or RpoS (RNA polymerase sigma factor S) is encoded by the rpoS gene.…

Q: During your experiment you analysed only a few of the recombinant clones for the presence of the…

A: A Genomic library consists of the total genomic DNA of an organism. This DNA can be stored inside…

Q: Austin Taylor and Edward Adelberg isolated some 200 new strains of Hfr cells that they then used to…

A: The transformation, transduction, and conjugation are the horizontal transfer mechanism through…

Q: In the experiment of Figure shown, Lederberg and Tatum could notdiscern whether met+ bio+ genetic…

A: Introduction  Minimal media: any media which contains only basic material or nutrient for growth of…

Q: For a coding gene, purifying (negative) selection will result in more synonymous (silent) site…

A: Purifying selection is the most predominant form of natural selection or negative selection. As it…

Q: Robert Bost and Richard Cribbs studied a strain of E. coli (araB14)that possessed a nonsense…

A: Mutations are the alterations or the changes that occur in the DNA. Mutagens are the agents that are…

Q: When a genome is edited using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, a knockout allele can be produced if DNA is…

A: CRISPR: CRISPR  is a newly emerging tool that is used by scientists to alter the genome structure by…

Q: name and briefly describe two methods you could use to identify the changes in DNA sequence found in…

A: DNA mutations can have a wide range of consequences, including the development of genetic disorders,…

Q: The soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, also regarded as 'nature's own genetic engineer', is…

A: As per our guidelines, we are supposed to answer only three sub-parts. Kindly repost the question…

Q: Bacteriophage lambda is as one of the routinely used molecular cloning vectors, which also served as…

A:

Q: Previous research had found odd sequences, spacers, and repeats, within some bacterial genomes.…

A: It is the spacers that enable the adaptable and gene-specific inactivating mechanism of the CRISPR…

Q: )  Which of the following best explains Griffith’s transformation experiments?     Two strains of…

A: Answer 1- Two strains of S. pneumoniae were used for the experiment. Griffith injected a mouse with…

Q: 150 100 xyl+ mtl+ 50 met+ 20 40 60 80 100

A:

Q: When Meselson and Stahl grew Escherichia coli in 15N medium for many generations and then…

A:

Q: Researchers have identified a gene (FR) responsible for watermelon resistance to infection by Dacus…

A: Any abrupt changes in DNA or RNA nucleotides that may or may not be responsible for the changes in…

Q: In the Avery, McLeod, McCarty Experiment where supernatant from heat killed, virulent S Strain…

A: Avery, McLeod and McCarty experiment was used to determine the genetic material and its nature on an…

Q: Robert Bost and Richard Cribbs studied a strain of E. coli (araB14) that possessed a nonsense…

A: Mutation is defined as a change or alteration in the nucleotide sequence which in turn alters the…

Q: Klunk et al. (2022) recently completed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using ancient DNA to…

A: The study found that the frequency of the C allele at SNP rs2549794 was significantly higher in…

Q: The following DNA sequence is from a bacteriophage that infects a pathogenic bacterium and…

A: Restriction enzymes play a major role in recombinant DNA technology as they can recognise a specific…

Q: What sort of selection marker system will ensure that only E. coli transformed with pGLO will…

A: pGLO is a plasmid that is frequently used in genetic engineering experiments. It contains a number…

Q: CRISPR-Cas9 is used by bacteria as a type of immune system against invading viruses. In recent…

A: The question is asking about the type of DNA repair system that is most likely responsible for the…

Q: For each item, indicate if it is demonstrating vertical gene transfer or horizontal gene transfer:…

A: Gene transfer is a important method in which genetic material is transferred between two…

Q: A neutral mutation is, by definition, a mutation that does not result in the change of the encoded…

A: Neutral mutations are changes that occur in the DNA sequence which are neither beneficial or…

Q: Nitrogen and carbon are more abundant in proteinsthan sulfur. Why did Hershey and Chase use…

A: In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase conducted several experiments in order to identify the…

Q: (2816) Xmnl (2697) Scal (2365) Nm All (2287) Bpml (2278) Bsal (2217) Andl Pvu 1 (3735) Ssp 1 (4170)…

A: The SV40 genome is a circular double stranded DNA organized in a single replicon. The process of…

Q: In a transformation experiment, donor DNA was obtained from aprototroph bacterial strain (a+b+c+),…

A: In the given question, Donor= a+b+c+ Recipient = a-b-c- A donor genotype is transformed into…

Viral Replication

The virus is acellular and considered non-living outside the host cell. The replication of the virus occurs only inside the living cells. Only a few genes are present in the smallest virus, whereas many genes are present in the largest virus. These genes encode specific viral proteins.