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Organelle genomes Yeast mitochondrial DNA (- 78 kb) Liverwort chloroplast DNA (121 kb) Human mitochondrial DNA (-17 kb) (a) (b) |Energy production IIRNAS for protein synthesis Ribosomal RNAS Introns I Nongenic FIGURE 3-19 DNA maps for mitochondria and chloroplasts. Many of the organelle genes encode proteins that carry out the energy-producing functions of these organelles (green), whereas others (red and orange) function in protein synthesis. (a) Maps of yeast and human Some phenotypic variants are caused by a mutant allele of an organelle gene, and we can use these mutants to track patterns of organelle inheritance. We will temporarily assume that the mutant allele is present in all copies of the organelle chromosome, a situation that is indeed often found. In a cross, the variant pheno- type will be transmitted to progeny if the variant used is the female parent, but not if it is the male parent. Hence, generally, cytoplasmic inheritance shows the following pattern: mtDNAs. (Note that the human map is not drawn at the same scale as the yeast map.) (b) The 121-kb chloroplast genome of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Genes shown inside the map are transcribed clockwise, and those outside are transcribed counterclockwise. IR, and IRa indicate inverted repeats. The upper drawing in the center of the map depicts a male Marchantia plant; the lower drawing depicts a female. [Data from K. Umesono and H. Ozeki, Trends Genet. 3, 1987] mutant female x wild-type male → progeny all mutant wild-type female x mutant male → progeny all wild type Indeed, this inheritance pattern is diagnostic of organelle inheritance in case in which the genomic location of a mutant allele is not known. Maternal inheritance can be clearly demonstrated in certain mutants of fungi. For example, in the fungus Neurospora, a mutant called poky has a slow-growth phenotype. Neurospora can be crossed in such a way that one parent acts as the

Organelle genomes Yeast mitochondrial DNA (- 78 kb) Liverwort chloroplast DNA (121 kb) Human mitochondrial DNA (-17 kb) (a) (b) |Energy production IIRNAS for protein synthesis Ribosomal RNAS Introns I Nongenic FIGURE 3-19 DNA maps for mitochondria and chloroplasts. Many of the organelle genes encode proteins that carry out the energy-producing functions of these organelles (green), whereas others (red and orange) function in protein synthesis. (a) Maps of yeast and human Some phenotypic variants are caused by a mutant allele of an organelle gene, and we can use these mutants to track patterns of organelle inheritance. We will temporarily assume that the mutant allele is present in all copies of the organelle chromosome, a situation that is indeed often found. In a cross, the variant pheno- type will be transmitted to progeny if the variant used is the female parent, but not if it is the male parent. Hence, generally, cytoplasmic inheritance shows the following pattern: mtDNAs. (Note that the human map is not drawn at the same scale as the yeast map.) (b) The 121-kb chloroplast genome of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Genes shown inside the map are transcribed clockwise, and those outside are transcribed counterclockwise. IR, and IRa indicate inverted repeats. The upper drawing in the center of the map depicts a male Marchantia plant; the lower drawing depicts a female. [Data from K. Umesono and H. Ozeki, Trends Genet. 3, 1987] mutant female x wild-type male → progeny all mutant wild-type female x mutant male → progeny all wild type Indeed, this inheritance pattern is diagnostic of organelle inheritance in case in which the genomic location of a mutant allele is not known. Maternal inheritance can be clearly demonstrated in certain mutants of fungi. For example, in the fungus Neurospora, a mutant called poky has a slow-growth phenotype. Neurospora can be crossed in such a way that one parent acts as the

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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. In examining Figure 3-19, what do you think is the main
reason for the difference in size of yeast and human
mtDNA?

Organelle genomes Yeast mitochondrial DNA (- 78 kb) Liverwort chloroplast DNA (121 kb) Human mitochondrial DNA (-17 kb) (a) (b) |Energy production IIRNAS for protein synthesis Ribosomal RNAS Introns I Nongenic FIGURE 3-19 DNA maps for mitochondria and chloroplasts. Many of the organelle genes encode proteins that carry out the energy-producing functions of these organelles (green), whereas others (red and orange) function in protein synthesis. (a) Maps of yeast and human Some phenotypic variants are caused by a mutant allele of an organelle gene, and we can use these mutants to track patterns of organelle inheritance. We will temporarily assume that the mutant allele is present in all copies of the organelle chromosome, a situation that is indeed often found. In a cross, the variant pheno- type will be transmitted to progeny if the variant used is the female parent, but not if it is the male parent. Hence, generally, cytoplasmic inheritance shows the following pattern: mtDNAs. (Note that the human map is not drawn at the same scale as the yeast map.) (b) The 121-kb chloroplast genome of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Genes shown inside the map are transcribed clockwise, and those outside are transcribed counterclockwise. IR, and IRa indicate inverted repeats. The upper drawing in the center of the map depicts a male Marchantia plant; the lower drawing depicts a female. [Data from K. Umesono and H. Ozeki, Trends Genet. 3, 1987] mutant female x wild-type male → progeny all mutant wild-type female x mutant male → progeny all wild type Indeed, this inheritance pattern is diagnostic of organelle inheritance in case in which the genomic location of a mutant allele is not known. Maternal inheritance can be clearly demonstrated in certain mutants of fungi. For example, in the fungus Neurospora, a mutant called poky has a slow-growth phenotype. Neurospora can be crossed in such a way that one parent acts as the
Transcribed Image Text:Organelle genomes Yeast mitochondrial DNA (- 78 kb) Liverwort chloroplast DNA (121 kb) Human mitochondrial DNA (-17 kb) (a) (b) |Energy production IIRNAS for protein synthesis Ribosomal RNAS Introns I Nongenic FIGURE 3-19 DNA maps for mitochondria and chloroplasts. Many of the organelle genes encode proteins that carry out the energy-producing functions of these organelles (green), whereas others (red and orange) function in protein synthesis. (a) Maps of yeast and human Some phenotypic variants are caused by a mutant allele of an organelle gene, and we can use these mutants to track patterns of organelle inheritance. We will temporarily assume that the mutant allele is present in all copies of the organelle chromosome, a situation that is indeed often found. In a cross, the variant pheno- type will be transmitted to progeny if the variant used is the female parent, but not if it is the male parent. Hence, generally, cytoplasmic inheritance shows the following pattern: mtDNAs. (Note that the human map is not drawn at the same scale as the yeast map.) (b) The 121-kb chloroplast genome of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Genes shown inside the map are transcribed clockwise, and those outside are transcribed counterclockwise. IR, and IRa indicate inverted repeats. The upper drawing in the center of the map depicts a male Marchantia plant; the lower drawing depicts a female. [Data from K. Umesono and H. Ozeki, Trends Genet. 3, 1987] mutant female x wild-type male → progeny all mutant wild-type female x mutant male → progeny all wild type Indeed, this inheritance pattern is diagnostic of organelle inheritance in case in which the genomic location of a mutant allele is not known. Maternal inheritance can be clearly demonstrated in certain mutants of fungi. For example, in the fungus Neurospora, a mutant called poky has a slow-growth phenotype. Neurospora can be crossed in such a way that one parent acts as the
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