Name three enzymes and/or genes that you will evaluate in order to verify increased de novo lipogenesis in adipose tissue in response to CHO overfeeding and explain why pentose phosphate pathway may be important for this process.
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Name three enzymes and/or genes that you will evaluate in order to verify increased de novo lipogenesis in adipose tissue in response to CHO overfeeding and explain why pentose phosphate pathway may be important for this process.
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- In healthy adults, the concentration of glucose in blood is approximately80 to 110 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl). After a carbohydrate-richmeal, however, the concentration may spike to 140 mg/dl. Describe thehormonal action that returns blood glucose to normal.The ketogenic diet is now a trend for people who wants to lose weight. Your task is to come up with a report about this diet and assess its efficacy and implication to the health. Here are your guiding questions: 1) What are ketone bodies and ketogenesis? 2) What is a ketogenic diet? What makes it different from other kinds of diet? 3) What are the good and bad effects of this diet? 4)In your personal opinion, is it safe to continue this diet for a long period of time?An individual with chronic hypoglycemia was suspected of having a defect in one of the enzymes unique to gluconeogenesis. To identify the defective enzyme, tissue samples from a normal liver were compared to samples from the patient's liver biopsy, using a biochemical assay that measures glucose production from glycerol or malate. It was found that incubation with glycerol produced normal amounts of glucose in both the control and biopsied liver samples; however, incubation with malate did not lead to glucose production in the liver biopsy, even though it did lead to glucose production in the control liver sample. Based on these observations which of the 4 unique gluconeogenesis enzymes is most likely defective in the individual? Consider each enzyme and explain your choice, including why you ruled out enzymes that you did not choose. To answer this question review how glycerol enters gluconeogenesis (figure 9.48) and how citrate cycle metabolites are transported in and out of the…
- Compare and contrast the following items related to lipid metabolism. Cite their main similarities/or differences. 1.lysophosphatidylcholine vs. phosphatidylethanolamine 2.trimyristin vs. triolein. 3. ACP vs. carnitine-acyl transferase.Compare and contrast the following items related to lipid metabolism. Cite their main similarities/or differences. 1. Dehydrogenase enzyme vs. dehydratase enzyme(in context of lipid metabolism). 2. Steroid hormones vs. prostaglandins (in terms of their biosynthetic pathways). 3. Fatty acid synthase complex vs. pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.An individu with chronic hypoglycemia was suspected of having a defect in one of the enzymes unique to gluconeogenesis. To identify the defective enzyme, tissue samples from a normal liver were compared to samples from the patient's liver biopsy, using a biochemical assay that measures glucose production from glycerol or malate. It was found that incubation with glycerol produced normal amounts of glucose in both the control and biopsied liver samples; however, incubation with malate did not lead to glucose production in the liver biopsy, even though it did lead to glucose production in the control liver sample. Based on these observations, which of the 4 unique gluconeogenesis enzymes is most likely defective in the individual? Consider each enzyme and explain your choice, including why you ruled out enzymes that you did not choose. To answer this question, review how glycerol enters gluconeogenesis (figure 9.48) and how citrate cycle metabolites are transported in and out of the…
- An electrophoretic separation of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme that demonstrates elevation in LD-1 greater than LD-2 could be indicative of: Please select the single best answer A normal LD isoenzyme pattern Hemolysis Pancreatitis Hepatic injuryDescribe one mechanism that leads to continued gluconeogenesis in the liver of T1DM patients, despite already high levels of glucose in the bloodstream.Discuss the glycogen degradation. Give the three enzymes required for this process and their functions.
- Lactose intolerance is caused by reduced production of the enzyme lactase. A variety of digestive system problems, such as celiac disease and Crohn’s disease) can also lower the production of lactase. If an individual produces low levels of the enzyme lactase, explain why they might be able to tolerate eating dairy products that contain lower levels of lactose (e.g., hard cheeses, feta cheese, and cottage cheese), but will not be able to tolerate foods with high levels of lactose (e.g., milk).Compare and contrast the following items related to lipid metabolism. Cite their main similarities/or differences. 1. Steroid hormones vs. prostaglandins (in terms of their biosynthetic pathways). 2. Fatty acid synthase complex vs. pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.You have a crude lysate sample (CL) containing a mixture of six proteins (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ẞ- galactosidase), and your goal is to obtain purified ẞ-gal. Some characteristics of these proteins are shown in the table below. Protein Alcohol dehydrogenase Carbonic anhydrase Insulin B chain Phosphorylase B Glutamic dehydrogenase B-galactosidase 45% Concentration of ammonium sulfate (AS) required for precipitation Molecular Weight (kDa) Isoelectric point (pl) 38 3.7 80% 65% 20% 30% 45% 28 4.8 4 5.3 98 6.8 49 9.5 115 5.3 You begin your purification by performing an ammonium sulfate (AS) precipitation. You add the appropriate concentration of AS to your CL sample, incubate overnight at 4°C, then centrifuge to generate a supernatant (AS-S) and pellet (AS-P). What concentration of AS will you use to precipitate Glutamic dehydrogenase? © 20% O 30% 45% 65% 80%