For the mutation of the enzyme below, describe the effect it will have on carbohydrate metabolism. Also, make sure to think about the effect it has on muscles versus the liver: Mutation that converted the phosphorylation site serine in fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase to an aspartate. (Hint: aspartate acts as a phosphorylated serine).
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
For the mutation of the enzyme below, describe the effect it will have on carbohydrate
Mutation that converted the phosphorylation site serine in fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase to an aspartate. (Hint: aspartate acts as a phosphorylated serine).
Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is an allosteric activator of the enzyme Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) , while it is an allosteric inhibitor of the enzyme Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-1). PFK-1 is a glycolysis enzyme while FBPase-1 is a gluconeogenesis enzyme.
The concentration of Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is regulated by a single polypeptide chain with both FBPase-2 and PFK-2 activity. PFK-2 phosphorylates Fructose 6-phosphate to form Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate . FBPase-2 dephosphorylates Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate to form Fructose 6-phosphate.
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