Mistakes made by DNA polymerase are corrected either by proofreading mechanisms during DNA replication or by DNA repair systems that operate after replication is complete. The overall rate of errors in DNA replication is about 1 × 10−10, that is, one error in 10 million base pairs. RNA polymerase also has some proofreading capability, but the overall error rate for transcription is significantly higher (1 × 10−4) or one error in each 10,000 nucleotides). Why can organisms tolerate higher error rates for transcription than for DNA replication?

Q: he Meselson and Stahl experiment provided conclusive evidence for the semiconservative replication…

A: The objective of the question is to understand the expected results of the Meselson and Stahl…

Q: Please explain one type of “DNA repair” mechanism (what is it, when is it used, how does it work).

A: The process by which a cell detects and repairs damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome…

Q: The 5'-3' exonuclease activity involves all the following EXCEPT: o Both ribonucleotides and…

A: DNA replication is a complex process that occurs during the cell cycle and allows a single cell to…

Q: Is it biologically possible for DNA to undergo replication in vivo, without the lagging and the…

A: Introduction  When the DNA chromosome is replicated, two copies of each identical daughter cell are…

Q: A researcher used the Sanger method to sequence the DNA fragment shown. The red asterisk indicates a…

A: Sanger sequencing, also known as the chain termination method, is a technique used to determine the…

Q: Based on what you have learned with respect to various DNA repair pathways, decide the most…

A: Introduction  DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, which is a complex molecule that contains the…

Q: functions. The structure that provides high processivity (processivity factor) is represented by the…

A: Letter A denotes core polymerase enzyme B denotes tau protein C denotes gamma clamp loader D denotes…

Q: DNA polymerase I DNA polymerase II DNA ligase Primase RNA primer 5' Lagging strand 3' 3' Okazaki…

A: The process of copying of double stranded DNA by the application of several Enzymes and proteins…

Q: An investigator obtains a bacterial temperature-sensitive mutation that affects a step in the…

A: Every DNA molecule is twisted into a ladder form known as a "double helix." The backbone of the DNA…

Q: Which of the following statements is TRUE?   Synthesis of the lagging strand requires more DNA…

A: DNA replication is a process in which it is done to copy the cell DNA. * This process is…

Q: In bacterial cells, nucleotide excision repair involves which of the following proteins? DNA…

A: The principal method utilised by mammals to remove bulky DNA lesions such as those caused by UV…

Q: 1 MSH2 MSH6 Template strand 5' A 3' Newly synthesized daughter strand MLH1 endonuclease, PMS2 2 DNA…

A: The mismatch excision-repair pathway corrects errors introduced during replication Step 1: A complex…

Q: Specifically, why is the primer needed in order for DNA ploymerase to start synthesis? A ) primers…

A: Always replication, Transcription starts from 5' to 3'. Addition of nucleotide takes place at 3'-OH.

Q: I2: The final step in "base editing" requires the cell's normal DNA repair machinery to correct the…

A: We all know that genetic variation is very important for evolution.But the stability of genetic…

Q: DNA polymerases have exonuclease activity that hydrolyzes DNA in the 3′ to 5′ direction. When an…

A: DNA POLYMERASE: DNA polymerase is an enzyme that plays a key role in the replication of DNA, the…

Q: Fill in the blank spaces below with the most appropriate terms. The word bank is not provided. DNA…

A: During cell division DNA makes a copy of itself and this process is called DNA replication. In this…

Q: Which of the following processes of genetic information flow can occur under lab conditions, but has…

A: The DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the double-stranded molecule which is the genetic material in…

Q: Escherichia coli (E. coli) has one replication origin that contains specific genomic sequences…

A: DNA replication It is defined as the process through which the copying of DNA takes place in cells.…

Q: Extreme UV exposure leads to the SOS response in bacteria. By what mechanism does the SOS response…

A: The SOS response is a DNA damage response mechanism in bacteria that is activated when the cell is…

Q: Which of the following is/are true of DNA general recombination? The process involves invasion of a…

A: DNA recombination in general is a natural process that occurs in a wide range of organisms,…

Q: Explain why base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and mismatch repair—which all require…

A: Mutations are changes that occurs in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence, either due to…

Q: DNA polymerase III (the main polymerase) Helicase DNA ligase Single-stranded binding proteins DNA…

A: DNA replication is the process by which new DNA strands are produced from the old DNA strands by the…

Q: Examine the DNA fragment sequence below. Your job is to design primers for PCR that would be able to…

A: Answer: REPLICATION of DNA : It is the process in molecular biology where  DNA strands are used to…

Q: Phosphorus is required to synthesize the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates used in DNA replication.…

A: DNA replication is a semi-conservative process in which newly synthesized double helix DNA consists…

Q: All known DNA polymerases catalyze synthesis only in the 5' → 3' direction.  Nevertheless, during…

A: DNA replication is the process of making two identical copies of DNA. The process is carried by the…

Q: How do the enzymes involved in the mismatch repair process determine which of the two bases in the…

A: DNA polymerases are the enzymes that build DNA in cells. During DNA replication (copying), most DNA…

Q: Spontaneous oxidative deamination of guanine produces the base xanthine (see figure, which also…

A: As per the Watson-Crick model of the DNA double helix:DNA is made up of two strands of…

Q: What is meant by “error-prone” DNA repair?

A: DNA replication is a process in which two DNA molecules are synthesized from a single DNA molecule.…

Q: An RNA-dependent DNA polymerase that carries the RNA template with it to synthesize repeats at the…

A: Replication is the process of duplication of the DNA. Replication is initiated by recognizing the…

Q: Describe in order, the four repeating steps  that repeat over and over on the discontinuous lagging…

A: Replication: it is the process by which new DNA is produced from the old DNA by semi-conservative…

Q: Figure 2 illustrates the important elements of a cosmid. a) Briefly describe the importance of…

A: In the recombinant DNA technology the foreign DNA or target DNA is inserted into the vector then the…

Q: In 1958, Meselson and Stahl conducted an experiment to determine which of the three proposed methods…

A: Three important experiments contributed to our current understanding of DNA structure and function:…

Q: Match the bold DNA repair response(s) to the triggering type of DNA damage. Homologous…

A: Homologous Recombination: Double-Strand Break repair mechanism which is an accurate repair mechanism…

Q: Which DNA repair systems you think might be capable of repairing a situation where T is in one…

A: DNA repair is a process by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules. Most…

Genome annotation

The technique of linking biological information to genome sequences is termed genome annotation. Gene annotation is the method of identifying gene locations and coding sections. It helps us understand what these genes are doing in the body through establishing structural characteristics and linking them to the actions of various proteins.