Double-strand break Шнн End binding End-binding proteins ННННН End bridging НННО ННА Protein crossbridge Recrultment of additional protelns and end processing Proteins for DNA processing Gap repalr synthesis and ligation НН FIGURE 19.22 Repair of a double-strand break in DNA via nonhomologous end joining.

Q: What causes different linear DNA molecules to migrate at different speeds during electrophoresis?

A: In molecular biology many techniques are used for different purpose like PCR is used to generate…

Q: What is transformation? Describe Grifith’s experiment to show transformation? What did he prove from…

A: Bacteria contain a single circular chromosome which is their genetic material. It lies within the…

Q: What is the purpose of the activity “Transgenic Manipulation?”

A: Transgenic manipulation During the last couple of decades , considerable progress have been made…

Q: What is the difference  Between a silent mutation and a neutral mutation?

A: Mutations are the alterations or the changes that occur in the DNA. Mutations are variations in…

Q: What are the five main steps in DNA cut-and-paste transposition?

A: The "cut and paste" method is used for saving conversion. The enzyme transposase acts as a pair of…

Q: Why is a random mutation more likely to be deleterious than beneficial?

A: Mutations are sudden negative effects in DNA sequences that can occur when the DNA is in the…

Q: What causes de novo gene mutations?

A: A genetic alteration that is present for the first time in one family member as a result of a…

Q: What is a transversion mutation?

A: Mutations are the alterations or the changes that occur in the DNA. Mutations are variations in…

Q: What is the difference between mutation and horizontal gene transf

A: Bacteria can adapt to new environments and respond to selective pressures by adopting new inherited…

Q: What are some of the technical reasons why gene therapy is difficult to carry out effectively?

A: Gene therapy is a technique or procedure through which a faulty gene or non functional gene can be…

Q: What are the two enzymatic functions of reverse transcriptase?

A: Enzymes are the biocatalyst that catalyzes the biochemical reactions or processes by lowering the…

Q: What is the difference between the mutation rate and the mutation frequency?

A: The basic source of genetic diversity is mutation. Gene mutations involve alteration in the…

Q: What is the initiation complex and how it is different from the preinitiation complex?

A: Initiation complex - All the components required for the the initiation of translation process is…

Q: What is the job of the restriction enzyme?

A: In the year 1963 the two enzymes responsible for restricting the growth of bacteriophage in E. coli…

Q: What is the difference between PCR and real-time PCR, and how do you explain it?

A: The Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that allows researchers to rapidly make millions…

Q: What are the common causes of failed genomic DNA extraction in bacterial cells?

A: DNA extraction is the process by which desirable DNA can be extracted from a particular cell.

Q: What are mutagenicagents?

A: Mutagen is an agent that may be a physical or chemical which changes the genetic material.

Q: What is the purpose of the MCS or the multicloning site?

A: Plasmids are the extrachromosomal, circular, autonomously replicating DNA present in the prokaryotic…

Q: What are the two enzymatic functions of reverse transcriptase?

A: Enzymes are biocatalysts that catalyse biochemical reactions or processes by decreasing activation…

Q: What is a cDNA library, and for what purpose can it be used?

A: In genetics, the term cDNA library refers to the library containing the group of cloned copies of…

Q: What mutation can be prevented when we exercise?

A: As our body grows, damages, and repairs with its progression so does our genetic material. The DNA…

Q: Why are temperature-sensitive mutations useful for uncovering thefunction of a gene?

A: Mutations are alterations in the DNA sequence due to the mistakes during cell division, exposure to…

Q: An unapproved form of gene therapy, known as enhancement gene therapy, can create considerable…

A: Answer: Introduction: Present gene therapy research has fixated on treating persons by directing the…

Q: What are Exceptional genetic codes?

A: A genetic code translates the genetic information encoded within the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or…

Q: What is the difference between a gene drive and a crash drive?

A: Gene drive is a genetic engineering mechanism that can propagate and spread an altered or modified…

Q: How can telomerase-related aging be addressed therapeutically?

A: Introduction DNA is packed inside the cell in the form of chromosomes and chromatin. The…

Q: How does a mutagen induce mutation ?explain with examples?

A: The DNA is a genetic material- a polynucleotide chain made up of the long chain of A, T, G, and C.…

Genetic Recombination

Recombination is crucial to this process because it allows genes to be reassorted into diverse combinations. Genetic recombination is the process of combining genetic components from two different origins into a single unit. In prokaryotes, genetic recombination takes place by the unilateral transfer of deoxyribonucleic acid. It includes transduction, transformation, and conjugation. The genetic exchange occurring between homologous deoxyribonucleic acid sequences (DNA) from two different sources is termed general recombination. For this to happen, an identical sequence of the two recombining molecules is required. The process of genetic exchange which occurs in eukaryotes during sexual reproduction such as meiosis is an example of this type of genetic recombination.

Microbial Genetics

Genes are the functional units of heredity. They transfer characteristic information from parents to the offspring.