Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
What causes different linear DNA molecules to migrate at different speeds during electrophoresis?
In molecular biology many techniques are used for different purpose like PCR is used to generate multiple copies of a DNA segment, blotting, microarray, cloning, gel electrophoresis, Southern blotting, western blotting, northern blotting, allele-specific oligonucleotide, chromatography, array and many more each technique has their particular function.
Electrophoresis is a process where charged particles move under the influence of the electric field. It is a method to separate charged particles like RNA, DNA, proteins, and other charged particles. Separation based on charge and size.
In-gel electrophoresis, the DNA fragments are repelled from the negative pole of the electric field and attracted to the positive pole. This is because of the phosphate group present in the DNA molecule which is negatively charged. So, when DNA placed in an electric field in gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments will migrate to the positively charged anode.
These attractions and repulsions important to the process because these allow smaller DNA fragments being arranged in order of size or smaller DNA fragment can reach positively charged anode firstly and arrange in order of size.
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