Knowing that the genetic code is almost universal, a scientist uses molecular biological methods to insert the human β-globin gene (Shown in Figure 17.11) into bacterial cells, hoping the cells will express it and synthesize functional β-globin protein. Instead, the protein produced is nonfunctional and is found to contain many fewer amino acids than does β-globin made by a eukaryotic cell. Explain why. Figure 17.11RNA processing: addition of the 5 cap and poly-A tail.A modified guanine nucleotideadded to the 5' end50-250 adenine nucleotidesadded to the 3' endDNATRANSCRIPTIONRegion that includesprotein-coding segmentsPolyadenylation signal3'RNA PROCESSING Pre-MRNA5'G-P-P-P-AAAAAAMRNAAAUAAAStart codon Stop codon-TRANSLATIONRibosome5 Сap5'UTR3' UTRPoly-A tailPPolypeptide

Genetic codon It is a group of three nucleotide that code for amino acids. They are total 64 combinations of 4 bases which synthesized for 21 different amino acids.Ans. This can happen due to the following reasons The prokaryotic organisms are not as advanced as eukaryotes and they do not have proper machinery or enzyme to synthesise fully functioning β-globin protein. Some proteins are multi domain protein, bacterias are unable to synthesise functional multi domain proteins. They lack post translation modification enzymes of eukaryotic proteins. Bacterial cell are unable of form only limited amount of disulphide bond. The codon sequence for some amino acids are different in bacterias than eukaryotes, which we called as codon bias. so these are some of reason due to which the bacterial cell produce malfunctioning β-globin protein.