In the section dealing with “NAD+ in disease” it is mentioned that metabolomics results indicate that impaired mitochondrial function contributes to some of the mentioned diseases. Which metabolites can potentially accumulate when complex I of the electron transport chain is defective? Use Fig 1 for guidance

Q: CYP2E1 has a much higher Km for ethanol than ADH (11 mM versus 0.05 mM, respectively). When greater…

A: km that is Michaelis Menten's constant is a substrate concentration of the enzyme catalysed reaction…

Q: Explain how Ca2+, NOS/RNS and mitochondrial membrane transfer problems are inter-related and how/why…

A: Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are the antimicrobial molecules derived from nitric oxide (•NO) and…

Q: electron transport chain,

A: The ETC stands for Electron transport chain process that occurs in the mitochondria. It helps to…

Q: ending with the reduction of O2. 3. Indicate the sites and stoichiometry (per 2e) at which protons…

A: There are four complexes in electron transport chain which are arranged in the Inner mitochondrial…

Q: Based on the image below select the correct statements Intermembrane space H Inner mitochondrial-…

A: Oxidative phosphorylation process is a catabolic process that takes place in the mitochondria. This…

Q: Draw and label a lipid bilayer containing the large mitochondrial trans-membrane protein complexes…

A: The structure is called a lipid bi-layer because it is composed of two layers of fat cells organized…

Q: Discuss the role of E286 in the proton transfer carried out by cytochrome c oxidase.  What are the…

A: Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve first three sub-parts for…

Q: Nó Chloroplasts 0.45 Chloroplasts in the 0.4 dark Chloroplasts in the light 0.35 0.3 10 15 Time…

A: 2H2O +2A ---->2AH2 + O2 This is called hill reaction where A is the artificial hydrogen acceptor…

Q: 21) Compute the moles of FADH2, NADH, GTP generated and NADPH consumed in the dissimilation of one…

A: Lipids are easily soluble in nonpolar solvents such as benzene, ether,…

Q: It has taken considerable amounts of re search to establish the number of protons pumped across the…

A: In plants, the electron transport chain(ETC) tends to occurs in the thylakoid of the chloroplasts,…

Q: For the Complex III in the electron transport chain:   Complex III step 1: UQH2 is oxidized in a 2…

A: In the question there are two separate processes mentioned Two electron process One Electron…

Q: Explain how a gradient of protons is established across the inner mitochondrial      membrane during…

A: Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure down their…

Q: Moles produced (Net) moles of CO2 after Krebs cycle moles of GTP after Krebs cycle moles of ATP…

A: Answer:- 4 moles of glucose   produce  16 moles of CO2 after Krebs cycle  5 moles of glucose produce…

Q: a) Make a theoretical calculation of how many ATP molecules can be formed from the breakdown of a…

A: TCA cycle of Kreb's cycle is the bio-chemical cycle that is one of the key components of aerobic…

Q: The proton-motive force is a measure of the potential energy generated across the mitochondrial…

A: The electron transport chain (ETC) is a chain of electron carriers present in the inner…

Q: b) Place a 'Yes' or a 'No' in the appropriate boxes that correspond to each listed feature of…

A: Cellular respiration is the metabolic process by which cells obtain energy from the breakdown of…

Q: Does this figure have any inaccuracies? Yes, the arrows showing movement of protons from the matrix…

A: Cellular respiration is the process of metabolism of glucose to derive energy for survival.…

Q: A. what cyclic pathway does this common metabolite enter? B. what are the reduced forms of NAD+ and…

A: Introduction:- Cellular respiration is a metabolic process in which oxidation of organic compounds…

Q: amplifies NADPH glucose-stimulated exocytosis, but only when is in excess (panel e). NADH inhibits…

A: * Insulin will secreted with stimulation of glucose in pancreatic β cells causes cell depolarization…

Q: Biochemists working with isolated mitochondria recognize five energy“states” of mitochondria,…

A: Mitochondria are called the powerhouse of the cell. It is responsible for generating energy in the…

Q: Many fruits can be preserved by candying. The fruit is immersed in a highly concentrated sugar…

A: Candying is considered as the process, in which fruits are dipped in the sugar solution, and then it…

Q: Which metabolites can potentially accumulate when complex I of the electron transport chain is…

A: Electron Transport Chain is a series of electron carriers present in the inner mitochondrial…

Q: Can someone please show your work for tracking the radiolabel: draw structures indicating position…

A: The given structure is a polysaccharide - starch (amylose) with alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond. It…

Q: Mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids is a major source of ATP, yet fatty acids can be oxidized…

A: Introduction  All cells require energy to survive and energy comes from respiration or metabolism.…

Q: 1. Cyanide, oligomycin, and 2,4-dinitrophenol are all inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation in…

A: ETC consists of four protein complexes called Complex I,  II, III and  IV that transport electrons…

Q: The phosphorylation and oxidative decarboxylation of oxaloacetate by inorganic phosphate (Pi) to…

A: In biochemical processes, the energetics of reactions play a crucial role in determining their…

Q: The authors in the abstract given above describe the mechanism for the activation of metallothionein…

A: Many heavy metals are toxic to humans. Certain proteins (like metallothionein) have the ability to…

Q: This UCP1 protein allows the protons (H+) of the mitochondrial intermembrane space to enter the…

A: UCP1 is a unique protein that plays a critical role in thermogenesis and energy balance, and it may…

Q: hat is the stoichiometry of the synthesis of ribose 5-phosphate from glucose 6-phosphate without the…

A: 5 Glucose 6-phosphate + 1 ATP --> 6 ribose 5-phosphate + 1 ADP + 1 H+This reaction is a part of…

Q: Consider the malate dehydrogenase reaction, part of tricarboxylic acid cycle, shown below. malate +…

A: First will put all the values we have Malate = 0.5mM Oxalate= 0.1μM H+ = ? ∆Go = 29.7 KJ/mol NAD+ =…

Q: You experiementally apply the compund antimyctin, which inhinits the functioning of complex III,…

A: Antimycin is a metabolite that Streptomyces synthesizes. It inhibits cellular respiration by…

Q: Complex II contains one heme b moiety that is not in the direct path of electron transfer. It may…

A: Reactive oxygen species ROS are the free radicals that are deficient in electrons Excess in ROS…

Q: Focusing on the mechanism linking complex I and ATP synthase depicted in figure 3 in the article,…

A: ETC  is an arrangement of protein complexes and some non-protein components in an increasing redox…

Q: Which of the enzymes discussed in this chapter are NADHlinked dehydrogenases?

A: NADH linked dehydrogenases are the members of family of enzyme that converts NAD from its reduced…

Q: V-class proton pumps run backward relative to the F-class ATP synthase. Consider the cartoon, which…

A: There are three classes of ATPases pumps based on the difference in structure and the type of ion…

Q: Discuss how the shuttle mechanisms for cytoplasmic NADH operate in eukaryotes.

A: Most textbooks mention that under aerobic conditions, NAD+ is regenerated in the ETC. But the…

Q: During chemiosmosis ATP is synthesized when H + ions move through turnstile like channel of ATP…

A: ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through the turnstile-like channel of ATP synthase: This Option…

Q: The NADH that is produced by glycolysis is not able to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane…

A: In the process of oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen is consumed as electrons are transported along…

Q: Compare the abundance of cristae in the mitochondria in Fig. 18.11b (677) with those in Fig. 20.21…

A: Cristae :- it represent the membrane hub. In this hub most of the respiratory complexes embed to…

Metabolic pathways

Metabolism is defined as the group of life-supporting, enzyme-mediated chemical reactions in organisms. A metabolic pathway is a set of these chemical reactions that involve anabolism (synthesis of complex biomolecules) and catabolism (breakdown of biomolecules into small molecules) that occur inside a cell. Metabolites are the reacting substances, products, and intermediate substances of an enzymatic process that are altered by a series of chemical events catalyzed by enzymes.