diversity of receptors surface of B cells. 單選: A. Rearrangement of B cell receptor genes B. can ensure that a great can be generated on the Alternative splicing C. Antibody class switching D. Affinity maturation E. Somatic hypermutation

Q: Sketch a B cell antigen receptor. Label the V and C regions of the light and heavy chains. Label the…

A: Immunoglobulin molecules are the globular proteins that are synthesized by the plasma cells located…

Q: T-cell receptor diversity is controlled by Select one: DNA recombination during prophase of meiosis…

A: T cells are the lymphocytes involved in adaptive immune responses. These cells have receptors for…

Q: A diagram of an antibody IgG molecule is given below. Indicate the locations of the following items…

A: An antibody (also called immunoglobulin) is produced by the immune system of our body that binds to…

Q: Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding memory B cells? a. Memory B cells express…

A: B cells are a part of adaptive immune response. B cells have B cell receptors (BCRs) on their…

Q: Match the following conditions with the expected state of primary human cells grown in culture for…

A: The process through which cells are cultivated under controlled circumstances, typically outside of…

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of T cell receptors?

A: Only on the cell membrane are T-cell antigen receptors to be located. Because it is made up of two…

Q: All of the following have been observed in individuals deficient in either CD3δ or CD3ε except a.…

A: Answer: Introduction: CD3 means a cluster of differentiation is a complex of proteins and T- cell…

Q: All of the following are examples of how tumors or the microenvironment in which they develop…

A: Tumor cells are able to stimulate specific adaptive immune responses. However, most frequently these…

Q: complement

A: Option D is answer .    The presentation of the antigens to the T helper cells for their activation…

Q: 29. T-cell dependent antigens can a. directly stimulate B cells to multiply and produce antibodies…

A: The correct answer is (c) restrict antibody formation. T-cell dependent antigens require the help of…

Q: Type II hypersensitivity reaction                                                  Type III…

A: Type IV hypersensitivity- Effector T cells specific for the sensitizing Ag Type II hypersensitivity…

Q: 16. Expression of CD25 and CTLA-4 is a characteristic of? A. TH1 B. TH2 Treg

A: CD25 is a protein marker for CD4+ thymocytes. It hs actually the α-chain of the IL-2 receptor. CTLA4…

Q: ADAM33 metalloproteinase inhibitors are sometimes co-administered with anti-tumor monoclonal…

A: A metalloproteinase is also known as metalloprotease. It is a type of protease enzyme that requires…

Q: Cytotoxic T cells express which of the following proteins on their cell surface? (Select all that…

A: T cells or T-lymphocytes are the immune cells. These cells are the type of white blood cells that…

Q: Linked recognition is best described as _____. a. the delivery of the co-stimulatory signal by…

A: Humoral immunity involves the activation of lymphocytes (B and T lymphocytes) to provide defence…

Q: The five classes of immunoglobulin differ in ….   Select one: a. None of the above b. Ability to…

A: Immunoglobulins are the antibodies that are produced from B-lymphocytes of plasma cells.…

Q: 6. The function of allelic exclusion is an increase in the ................of antibodies?.…

A: Introduction :- One allele of a gene is expressed while the other allele is silenced through the…

Q: Overcoming the carrier effect demonstrate which of the following immunological concepts:   A.…

A: The carrier effect is the finding that a secondary response to the hapten requires challenging the…

Q: VDJ rearrangement occurs so that: Select one: a.after a pathogen has entered the system, B cells…

A: VDJ arrangement or VDJ recombination is the specialized mechanism which takes place in developing…

Q: Features of immunoglobulins include all of the following, EXCEPT,      All immunoglobulins'…

A: These are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells. They act as a critical part of immune…

Q: All of the following are properties of B-1 cells except a. They exhibit polyspecificity. b. They…

A: B1 cell is a type of B lymphocyte that is accountable for producing a humoral immune response. They…

Q: _______ involves successive rearrangement at the lightchain loci when reactivity to self antigen…

A: Answer is a.) Receptor Editing.

Q: Dysfunctional repair of DNA double strand breaks often results in SCID because: thoose all that…

A: SCID stands for severe combined immunodeficiency disease.SCID is caused by adenosine deaminase (ADA)…

Q: A metabolically stressed epithelial cell expresses the protein MICits surface and then interacts…

A: NK cells are activated as an early event during an immune response and does not require the need for…

Q: Which of these is not true about Bispecific T-cell Engagers? Group of answer choices The y link the…

A: A group of immunotherapy compounds known as Bispecific T-cell Engagers (BiTEs) are used to treat…

Q: Which of the following statements is false concerning T-cell development? a. γ and δ…

A: Thymus lymphocytes (T cells) are one of the major components of the adaptive immune system. There…

Q: Match the stage of B cell development with the rearrangement or expression of immunoglobulin genes.…

A: B cell development begins in the fetal liver and continues in the bone marrow throughout our lives.…

Q: In B cells, what mechanism ensures that only rearranged V genes are transcribed?

A: A gene (from genos (Greek) which means generation or birth or sex) is a basic unit of heredity and a…

Q: may destroy infected cells. Select one: a. Phagocytic cells b. Natural killer T cells C. Cytotoxic T…

A: Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms that upon entering a healthy body cause a variety of…

Q: To study the immune responses that provide protection against tumor growth in mice, some…

A: Cytokines are immunological molecules present in biological systems that are important for cell…

Q: 1. In central tolerance, 3 mechanisms deviate B cells away from making autoreactive antibody. Which…

A: These are multiple choice questions.

Q: CD8 T cells in a culture are analyzed for their ability to produce the cytokine IFN-g, and the…

A: T cells are the essential component of immune system. These are developed in the bone marrow and…

Q: Which of the following statements is the most accurate concerning lymphocytes? a. T cells and B…

A: Lymphocytes are the cells that help to fight the microorganism that cause diseases. In normal human…

Q: During of B cell development, which of the following pairs is incorrect? Select one: a. IL-7: IL-7…

A: B cell development is a process in which B cells mature and differentiate from hematopoietic stem…

Q: Large quantities of the antibody Y can defend our organism from the invasic bacterium that has a…

A: Antibodies contribute to immunity in three ways: by binding to pathogens and preventing them from…

Q: Generally, in healthy individuals and in the absence of infection, a mature naive T cell that…

A: T cells are among the immune system's most essential white blood cells that play a key part in…

Q: Unlike naive T lymphocytes, Select one: a. memory T lymphocytes obtain energy from glycolysis. b.…

A: Naïve T cells are precursors of the memory and effector T cell and naïve T cells do not produce any…

Q: Which of the following is true about MHC? Check all that apply.   A. MHC I is expressed in all…

A: Major Histocompatibility Complex(MHC) is basically a group of genes on DNA.It mainly helps the…

Q: Match the antibody isotype with its functional characteristics. Highly effective at activating…

A: Answers  :  Highly active in activating complement :  Answers : -  IgM

Q: 1. If an lg has a hydrophilic C terminus, then which of the following is true of the cell The cell…

A: Ig stands for immunoglobulins, a family of proteins that the immune system produces in reaction to…

Q: True or False: The class switch recombination of IgA antibodies is induced by TGF-beta or IL-21, and…

A: 3)It is a false statement.The IgA antibodies switching is done by T cell independent antigens and…

Q: Surprisingly, humans as well as mice deficient in the complement protein, C3, have greatly reduced…

A: The immune system is the body’s defense mechanism against infections and invading pathogens and…

Q: In the secondary response, the IgG levels rise much faster than they did during the first antibody…

A: The secondary immune response:It takes place when a person is re infected and become exposed to the…

Q: CD1-restricted α:β T cells respond to lipid antigens of mycobacterial pathogens using all except…

A: Introduction  The cluster of differentiation (also known as cluster of designation or classification…

Q: Memory T cells _____. (Select all that apply.) a. must all be activated in secondary lymphoid…

A: Memory T cells are antigen-specific T cells that remain long-term after an infection has been…

Q: 18. You created a transgenic mouse in which all B cells express heavy and light chain of…

A: Transgenic mouse is a kind of mouse which is created artificially by genetic engineering that is by…

Q: (1) In antibody structure, where are can we find unique variable domains? A. at the tip of each…

A: Introduction :  Antigens are things that cause the immune system to create antibodies in response to…

Q: B cells - A comparison of B and T cell maturation. List the locations and what is happening…

A: B and T cells, fundamental components of the adaptive immune system, undergo a structured maturation…

Genomic studies

Genomic studies (genomics) is the study of the whole genome of an organism. Using bioinformatics and high-performance computing, genomic researchers examined massive amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-sequence data to discover variations or mutations that affect drug response, health, or disease. Genomics is a much younger discipline than genetics, having only emerged in the last few decades as a result of technological advancements in DNA sequencing and computational biology.